University-Industry Collaboration and Innovation Performance Evidence from the University of Surabaya in Indonesia

This work analyzes the impact of university–industry collaborations (UICs) on the innovation performance of a sample of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Veneto, a region in the north-east of Italy, which is considered particularly representative of the often-cited “innovation without research” model. We consider two aspects of such UICs that have never been at the center of theoretical and empirical debates on the innovation capacity of SMEs and whose importance has only recently been recognized. The first aspect is the variety of forms that UIC can take. Specifically, we distinguish between formal and informal collaborations. The second aspect is the possible influence of the absorptive capacity of SMEs on their ability to gaining from UICs in terms of innovation performance. We combine statistical analysis of the results of a survey administered to 179 SMEs in Veneto with a collection of anecdotal evidence to show that UICs effectively increase SMEs’ innovation performance.

External collaboration is an effective way for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve innovation performance and obtain sustainable competitiveness. This study focuses on the influence of external collaboration on innovation performance of SMEs. Specifically, this study classifies external collaboration into formal and informal external collaboration, and explores their different impacts on innovation performance of SMEs, respectively. Moreover, this study examines the moderating effects of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy on the relationships between formal and informal collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs. Survey data from 213 high-tech manufacturing SMEs in China reveals that: (1) Both formal and informal external collaboration have positive effects on innovation performance of SMEs, and informal external collaboration offers greater benefits than formal external collaboration; (2) managers’ entrepreneurial orientation positively moderates the relationship between informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance; (3) organizational legitimacy positively moderates the relationships between formal and informal external collaboration and SMEs’ innovation performance. This study enriches the research on the relationship between external collaboration and innovation performance of SMEs, and advances the understanding of the contextual factors between formal and informal external collaboration-SMEs’ innovation performance relationships through elucidating the moderating role of managers’ entrepreneurial orientation and organizational legitimacy.

This paper examines the association between university–industry collaboration and firm innovation performance, and the effect of informal mechanisms of knowledge transfer on such an association, using data from a survey of 245 firms in Ghana and employing partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results are of significant relevance to the business community and policy-makers in Ghana and West African. We find that while university–industry collaboration is positively related to innovation performance in firms, informal mechanisms of university knowledge transfer do not and negatively moderate the positive association between university–industry collaboration and innovation performance in firms. It is also found that to facilitate innovation outcomes, formal, legal binding contracts are required. The study recommends that university knowledge generation and innovation policies in Ghana encourage formal collaboration between knowledge exchange actors. It is also suggested that improvements need to be made to the efficacy of intellectual property legislation in Ghana.

Purpose The academic experience of top management team (TMT) has a positive impact on firms' innovation performance. However, existing studies predominantly focus on the educational qualifications and institutional prestige of TMT, failing to comprehensively evaluate whether TMT possess genuine academic experience and the role of academic competence. This article aims to examine whether TMT academic competence has a potential influence on firm innovation performance and to understand the mechanisms behind this relationship. Design/methodology/approach Using firm-level metrics of Chinese listed firms and TMT scholarly publication data spanning 2000–2021, this paper investigates whether TMT academic competence can promote firms' innovation performance and conducts a moderated mediating effect analysis. Findings (1) Academic competence of TMT can contribute positively to firms’ innovation performance; (2) university–industry collaboration partially mediates this relationship; (3) the mediating effect is enhanced by cognitive proximity and (4) distance proximity does not diminish the mediating effect. Research limitations/implications Outcome of this study can assist academia in further understanding the impacts of TMT on firm innovation and aid government in promoting university–industry collaboration. Simultaneously, it can help firms adjust their TMT selection and training strategies to enhance innovation performance. Originality/value This article, as the first to construct an index of academic competence and to explore whether it has an impact on firms' innovation performance and its inherent mechanism, can provide a new research perspective for the study of the impact of TMT's characteristics on firms' innovation.

While the performance implications of university-industry collaboration (UIC) have been the subject of extensive research, no study thus far has investigated the potential influence of absorptive capacity and innovation competencies on the relationship between UIC and product innovation performance. Based on a sample of 2061 German companies from two waves of the German Community Innovation Survey and using moderated multiple regression, this study examines these moderating effects and provides the following findings: (1) absorptive capacity in terms of internal RD (2) absorptive capacity related to employee know-how has no moderating effect on the relationship between UIC and incremental innovation performance but positively moderates the relationship between UIC and radical innovation performance; and (3) innovation competencies exert no moderating effect on the relationship between UIC and incremental innovation performance but have a predominantly positive moderating effect on the relationship between UIC and radical innovation performance. In summary, our study provides relevant insights on the dynamics governing UIC relationships and provides evidence for potential negative effects of absorptive capacity in the context of collaborative R&D (substitution effect). Providing an in-depth analysis of UIC, this study offers insights for research in this field by explaining the variance in the outcomes of UIC. Moreover, our findings have the potential to aid practitioners (e.g., innovation managers, researchers, and governing and funding bodies) in their decisions concerning their involvement in UIC.

It has been a pervasive phenomenon that a firm constructs multiple collaborations with universities and research institutes from diverse geographic regions. This study examines whether and under what conditions university-industry (UI) collaboration portfolio concentration, the geographical concentration of UI collaboration partners, influence focal firms’ innovation performance. The results suggest that UI collaboration portfolio concentration is negatively associated with focal firms’ innovation performance. Besides, the negative relationship between UI collaboration portfolio concentration and firm innovation performance is stronger for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than non-SOEs. Moreover, the negative relationship between UI collaboration portfolio concentration and firm innovation performance is stronger for politically connected firms than non-politically connected firms. This study contributes to previous research on alliance portfolios and UI collaborations, and provides some meaningful inspiration for practice.

This empirical study is concerned with university–industry collaboration from a knowledge management perspective. The authors introduce the concepts of ‘enterprise-level core elements’ to define the principle status of an enterprise during university–industry collaboration, and ‘network embeddedness’ as an indication of the closeness of the collaboration. Furthermore, they examine the method of knowledge management. Finally, they use both learning performance and product innovation performance to measure an enterprise's innovation performance.

China has been enhancing the status of enterprises in innovation to boost its economy in recent years, and the role of the top management team (TMT) in enterprises has become increasingly prominent. Existing research has examined the influence of TMT on general innovation, whereas the effect of TMT on open innovation strategy, including university-industry collaboration (UIC), is rarely investigated. With the dataset of 2295 Chinese listed firms from 2010 to 2019, we empirically identify the relationship between TMT background (i.e. education, functional, and academic background) and UIC and examine the role of UIC in terms of the relationship between TMT background and innovation performance using causal mediation analysis. This study adds literature on the micro-level factors affecting UIC intensity and sheds light on the path following which TMT background positively affects innovation performance. Our findings also highlight practical ways for entrepreneurs and policymakers to improve UIC intensity and innovation performance in Chinese listed firms.

In the knowledge economy era, there is a growing global emphasis on the impact of international scientific collaboration networks (SCNs) on academic innovation. Based on a cross-level analysis perspective, this study constructs a dual-stage cross-level moderated mediation model and tests the hypotheses related to scientific collaboration, knowledge diversity, and innovation performance. The data were collected from the tourism and hospitality academia publications from 1983 to 2018, involving 79 groups of 303 academics from China. This study indicates that knowledge diversity positively mediates the relationship between the number of collaborators and tourism academics’ innovation performance. Furthermore, in complex SCNs, network relationship scale and team collaboration density have cross-level moderated effects on this process.

This article provides new insights into the consequences of university–industry collaboration for the content and conduct of academic research by analysing the Swedish research funding programme for the so-called ‘materials consortia’, in place between 1990 and 2000. Using secondary sources, the analysis highlights the causality in university–industry collaboration and the impact of such collaboration on the academic research environments involved. While the funding programme was clearly aimed at influencing the conduct of academic research, impacts are seen mostly in content. Also, collaborative activities with long-term positive outcomes grew organically rather than top-down, with mutual trust and recognition at the operational level of great importance. The policy implications include the realization that the durability of efforts, from funders as well as at the operational level, is key to achieving deeper added value in university–industry collaborations. The article contributes to a deepened and broadened understanding of the multidimensionality of university–industry collaborations and their effects on research.

本研究旨在探討產學合作中大學之角色與定位，撰寫之中心理念乃試圖由大學發展的歷史定位談起，透過檢視大學由追求真理、探索教育內涵，到近接市場的第三任務展開，其間功能與角色的轉變。在個案研究上，主要擇定日本為研究標的，並承上探究大學角色之變遷為基調，透過研究日本產業聚集(cluster)中大學產學合作活動之概況，著眼於其相關論述與實證文獻之動態探討與研究，以期能明瞭市場化機制運作下的現今大學，如何能在產學合作方面所發揮實質效益？大學對於國家發展所真正能予以的扶助，是否導致大學角色與定位的混沌不明？又透過本研究，如何能重新檢視大學的地位，以使其能在教學、研究、服務三者間取得平衡？ 本研究圍繞以從日本產學合作政策為出發，由其運作、機制及其發展，以檢視大學角色之轉變為主軸概念。事實上，在日本，大學的確佔有重要的科技創新資源，其不僅擁有大批優秀研究開發人才，也裝備有國家重點實驗室及高新技術開發中心。透過產學官合作，激發了大學的科技創新意識和巨大潛力，並使大學、企業、政府機構實現了資源共享和優勢互補，這對日本「知識產權立國戰略」的成敗，產生了決定性的影響。特別是在2004年日本通過國立大學法人化政策(Incorporation Policy of Japan’s National Universities)後，更為推進產學研合作邁開了一大步。此外，從「科學技術基本法」、「大學技術移轉促進法」到日本國立大法人化制度的實施，日本的產學研合作模式，除由原本的共同研究、委託研究、委託研究員制度、捐贈制度、設立共同研究中心、設置與學術有關的法人等多種合作形式，亦漸次朝向「大學創業」的產學模式開展。2001年日本提出的「平沼計畫」，即是希冀透過大學衍生企業(University Spin-off Venture Business, USVB)的發展，致力於促進大學研究成果實用化的工作，並期能活絡地域經濟的發展，促使日本創造新的產業，為國家取得競爭優勢。又在日本產學合作政策中，充份結合區域發展為其重要特色之一。在產業聚集中大學產學合作之推動與發展，更為其方興未艾的議題。基此，本研究之主要目的乃在： 一、探討大學發展及其在市場機制運作下其功能與角色的轉變。 二、探討大學產學合作興起與發展趨勢。 三、探討大學產學合作理論模式及其內涵。 四、探討日本產學合作政策與產業聚集之發展概況。 五、評析日本技術先進首都圏地域產業聚集之產學合作形成之政策背景，探究其產學合作之政策效果，及其大學在聚集產學合作活動中所扮演之角色與定位。 六、根據本研究之待答問題，提出產學合作之相關具體結論與建議。 總的來說，透過本研究所獲致之主要發現及成果如下： 1.市場力量持續促動大學角色的轉變； 2.產學合作活動的方興未艾； 3.產學合作的質疑與衝突； 4.產學合作活動中大學角色與定位的明確化； 5.產學合作活動需建立起足夠之政策機制與誘因； 6.產學合作長期契約的建立與組織化； 7.運用產學合作深化產業聚集之發展。 在研究建議方面，則包括： 一、對於大學產學合作政策上之建議 1.提升產學合作誘因，減少產學歧異； 2.建構產學網絡機制，加速資源整合； 3.強化中介機構功能，促進功能發揮； 4.深化大學產學合作，創造產業價值； 5.營造產業創業環境，塑造創業氛圍； 6.借鑑國外發展經驗，融入本土精神； 7.推動大學法之發展，維縏學術自主。 二、對於後續研究之建議 1.在研究內容上，由於時間上之限制，僅得就單一國家進行文獻資料之分析與探討，建議後續研究可再擴張跨國比較之研究內容，俾為更深入之探究。 2.在研究範疇上，由於理論上之限制，建議後續研究可擴及其他區域進行相關研究。 3.在研究方法上，由於在實徵資料上，多引述二手資料之文獻與調查資訊，因此，對於區域內大學產學合作與產學實際互動之實際概況，無法全盤了解，建議後續研究應可做更為詳盡之調查與分析。 4.在理論基礎上，本研究引用產業聚集理論進行大學產學合作之相關研究，由於未進行實證上之調查，因此，關於分析大學研究在產業聚集內創新能力上的地理外溢效果無法獲得實際數據，也因而使本研究僅得就文獻資料進行質化分析，建議後續研究可據此建構研究模型（如Jaffeirm或Zvi Griliches等有關知識生產函數與計算大學研發外溢之概念），進一步分析大學對於區域產學合作之實際衝擊及效益。

The positive impact of university–industry collaborations on firms' innovative performance is well recognized. However, to date, the existing heterogeneity within university–industry collaboration processes and the sources of value creation underlying the resulting inventions are left underexplored. As a result, our understanding as to why some of the joint inventions resulting from such collaborations turn out to present a more fertile source of follow‐on developments and value for the collaborating firm than others is limited. The present paper sheds light on this question through the application of a knowledge recombination perspective. Hence, we open the black box of innovation and put a spotlight on the knowledge components that make up the joint inventions resulting from university–industry collaborations. We evaluate how the nature—scientific versus technological—and origins—internal versus external to the collaborating partners—of these knowledge components relate to the inventive impact of the partners' joint invention. Examining a sample of 9102 USPTO co‐patents, joint inventions created through university–industry collaborations are shown to be most fertile as a source of firm follow‐on inventions when they are the result of a recombination process that includes technological knowledge components stemming from both collaborating partners. This effect is most pronounced when the partners' technological knowledge contributions are moderately similar. In contrast, when the joint technology development takes place in a technology domain that is novel to the firm, the resulting joint inventions are most fertile as a source of firm follow‐on inventions when the university contributes through the input of technological knowledge components situated in exactly this technology domain that is novel to the firm. Remarkably, no evidence for such direct effects is found regarding the partners' scientific contributions. Together, these findings provide important insights for firms who intend to spur their internal technology development through collaboration with a university partner.

The current state of life in the millennial era is full of challenges and competition. This has an impact, among others, on a high level of depression in addition to the availability of opportunities for those who have life competencies, and have multiliteracy that strengthens students' physical, mental, and intellectual capacities. For that we need a way how to shape the religious character of students, especially PAI students at the University of Muhammadiyah Gresik through digital literacy?. There needs to be a method in reviewing the research in revealing the existing problems, namely by using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, focusing on the study of the formation of religious character of PAI UMG students. The results of the study reveal that various forms of collaboration and cooperation between communities and educational units outside the campus are indispensable in strengthening religious character education. There are various forms of collaboration that can be done in the context of developing character education for PAI UMG students in facing the millennial era, namely with Islamic digital literacy activists. Such as good attitudes and intentions, namely getting used to literacy through cellphone media (HP): speaking and writing in Short Message Service (SMS) or WhatsApp (WA) that is polite when communicating, behaves well, protects the environment, and looks after the environment. order.

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