Abstract
Recent progress in regulatory T cells (Tregs) biology emphasizes the importance of understanding tissue-resident Tregs in response to tissue-specific environment. Now, emerging evidence suggests that pancreatic-resident forkhead box P3+ Tregs have distinguishable effects on the suppression of over-exuberant immune responses in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, there is growing interest in elucidating the role of pancreatic-resident Tregs that function and evolve in the local environment. In this review, we discuss the phenotype and function of Tregs residing in pancreatic tissues and pancreatic lymph nodes, with emphasis on the unique subpopulations of Tregs that control the disease progression in the context of T1D. Specifically, we discuss known and possible modulators that influence the survival, migration, and maintenance of pancreatic Tregs.
Highlights
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, during which immune homeostasis is destroyed and immune cells selectively attack pancreatic β cells
We focused on the unique features of Tregs residing in the target tissues, namely pancreatic tissues and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs), and how these special Tregs were maintained and functioned throughout diabetes progression
The results suggested IL-10-secreting Tregs were prone to retain in pancreas in the context of T1D
Summary
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, during which immune homeostasis is destroyed and immune cells selectively attack pancreatic β cells. In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, have demonstrated a strong association of Tregs and T1D. These cells deficiency in NOD mice accelerated disease progression [5]. Distinguishable Treg subsets that reside in tissues have attracted interest Those tissue-resident Tregs exhibit specific phenotype and function in response to local cues, thereby promoting tissue homeostasis [14, 15]. The specialized distribution of Tregs has provoked the assessment of how target tissue-resident Tregs control the development of diabetes. We focused on the unique features of Tregs residing in the target tissues, namely pancreatic tissues and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs), and how these special Tregs were maintained and functioned throughout diabetes progression
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