Unequal voices: emotions, agency and family hierarchies in the correspondence of the Hengrave siblings, 1567–71

Once called the Lords of the Plains, the Comanches were long portrayed as marauding raiders who capitalized on the Spanish introduction of horses to raise their people out of primitive poverty through bison hunting and fierce warfare. More recent studies of the Comanches have focused on adaptation and persistence in Comanche lifestyles and on their political organization and language-based alliances. In Comanche Society, Gerald Betty develops an exciting perspective on the driving force of Comanche life: kinship. He details the kinship patterns that underlay all social organization and behavior among the Comanches and uses these insights to explain the way Comanches lived and interacted with Europeans. This account analyzes the formation of clans, the hierarchy in family and generational relationships, and ancestor worship and related religious ceremonies. In clear language and detail, Betty considers a number of aspects of Comanche life - pastoralism, migration and nomadism, economics and trade, and warfare - and how these developed along kinship lines. This is cutting-edge history, drawing not only on original research in extensive primary documents but also on theoretical perspectives from other disciplines.

Funkcjonowanie w społeczeństwie może być dla jednostki trudnym doświadczeniem.Istnieje wiele osób z rożnych grup społecznych, które doświadczają wykluczenia, marginalizacji czy alienacji. Taka sytuacja bywa spowodowana czynnikami, które nie zawsze zależne są od jednostki – niepełnosprawność, rodzina pochodzenia, przemoc, starość, samotność, doświadczenie krzywdy. Aby minimalizować te przykre konsekwencje, wiele organizacji non profit w swoich statutowych zadaniach realizuje działania mające na celu wzmocnienie potencjału jednostek zagrożonych wykluczeniem czy izolacją. Zaangażowanie środowiska lokalnego i rozwój społeczności lokalnej jest wielkim wsparciem dla osób znajdujących się w trudnej sytuacji życiowej. Takie działania podejmuje szereg stowarzyszeń i fundacji, między innymi: Stowarzyszenie mali bracia Ubogich oddział w Lublinie, Katolickie Stowarzyszenie Pomocy Osobom Potrzebującym AGAPE w Lublinie, Stowarzyszenie „Ósmy Kolor Tęczy” z Radzynia PodlaskiegoczyFundacja Strefa Dorastania w Lublinie. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i charakterystyka zjawiska wykluczenia społecznego oraz organizacji pożytku publicznego oraz prezentacja działalności wybranych podmiotów z województwa lubelskiego.

The article focuses on the phenomenon of covert abuse that is common in modern society. The author reviews Boris Khlebnikov’s film “Arrhythmia” (2017) and studies the images of the two main characters of the film, Oleg and Katya, a married couple on the verge of divorce. The images of the heroes are analysed and interpreted within the framework of the “abuser” and “victim” concepts as defined by the American psychologist Lundy Bancroft and the French psychotherapist Marie-France Hirigoyen. The methodology developed by psychologists and psychotherapists, allows us to explore and adjust the behaviour and motives of both sides involved in a family conflict related to hidden abuse, as well as to analyse the images of the abuser and the victim in the texts of culture. The analysis of cinematography representing various models of interpersonal interaction is one of the most productive ways of reflecting on conflict situations associated with the distribution of roles in the socio-cultural and family hierarchy. The article analyses the type of behaviour and motivation for each hero, placed in the framework of the provided scheme of “abuser” and “victim” roles, and describes the main plot lines of the film. Oleg, who is a typical “abuser”, justifies his abusive behaviour by problems at work, and Katya, who is a loyal “victim”, is easily manipulated by her husband. The interlacing of the characters’ professional activity and family relationship becomes a prolific field for investigation into Oleg and Katya’s interaction and behaviour patterns, representing a model of an interdependent relationship based on the roles and the scheme described above.

This study brings out the norms and culturally dependent values that formed the basis of the theoretical regulation and the practical handling of incest cases in Sweden 1680–1940, situating this development in a wider European context. It discusses a broad variety of general human subjects that are as important today as they were hundreds of years ago, such as love, death, family relations, religion, crimes, and punishments.By analysing criminal-case material and applications for dispensation, as well as political and legislative sources, the incest phenomenon is explored from different perspectives over a long time period. It turns out that although the incest debate has been dominated by religious, moral, and later medical beliefs, ideas about love, age, and family hierarchies often influenced the assessment of individual incest cases. These unspoken values could be decisive – sometimes life-determining – for the outcome of various incest cases. (Less)

Relevance. Kazakhstan�s modern social policy landscape has created challenges for urban families in managing childcare and household duties. This study examines the revival of nomadic cultural practices, specifically the employment of �female assistants�, as a response to these challenges. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to investigate the experiences of urban Kazakh middle-class couples who adopt or revive the practice of employing �female assistants� for childcare and household management, exploring the underlying reasons for this trend. Methodology. The research utilizes data from 11 individual semi-structured interviews with female assistants, conducted between 2014 and 2017. A qualitative analysis approach was employed to examine the complexities of this social phenomenon. Results. The study reveals a complex interplay of familial obligations, gender roles, and economic necessities in the employment of �female assistants�. These arrangements often result in the exploitation of the assistants, who lose autonomy over their time and labour. The host families, while benefiting from the support, experience conflicting emotions about the fairness of the situation, often attempting to compensate through material means. Additionally, the study uncovers a significant invisibility of �female assistants� in symbolic representations and family hierarchies, contributing to the undervaluation of their work and social status. Conclusions. The research illuminates how urban Kazakh families navigate the challenges of contemporary social policies by reviving and adapting nomadic cultural practices. It underscores the complex power dynamics, emotional labour, and symbolic representations associated with the role of �female assistants� in modern Kazakh households, pointing to the need for further diversification of social policies regarding motherhood and childcare. Keywords: social policy; neo-traditionalism; Kazakh families; �female assistants�

In this paper the author discusses Latin epistles of the female rulers and noblewomen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) of the late fourteenth to the first half of the sixteenth century. This epistolary legacy is analysed in the European context of female correspondence. As the research material was rather abundant, the paper consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the correspondence between women from the end of the fourteenth century to the first half of the fifteenth century, and the second part will address the epistles written from the second half of the fifteenth century to the first half of the sixteenth century. It should be noted that the amount of available sources for each period differs: sources extant from the late fourteenth to the early fifteenth century are considerably fewer than those from the late fifteenth century to the first half of the sixteenth century, and for this reasons this part of the paper does not aim at an exhaustive generalisation. Rather, it seeks to highlight the key moments in the development of female correspondence and the features of this correspondence during the period discussed. The author examines the frequency and extent (the circle of addressees) of female correspondence, its aims and themes (the types of letters), correspondence skills and opportunities, the style and expression of the epistles. For comparison purposes, instructions of letter-writing manuals on how a woman was supposed to write and how one was supposed to write to a woman was used.The sources of research include published Latin epistolary legacy of the grand duchesses of Lithuania, queens of Poland, and other noblewomen both from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and other European countries. In some cases, not only letters written in other languages were used, but also fictional or literary epistolary texts related to the life and activities of the individuals discussed. They offer a better understanding of the space of the functioning of the epistles and of the peculiarities of communication between female rulers. The sources of this paper also include letters by male correspondents, because they contain information about the addressees, the attitude to them, the peculiarities of writing to women, the content of these epistles, and about possible and presumed amount of female correspondence that has not survived.The first infrequent letters of the female rulers, written down in Latin or German by the staff of the ducal or royal chancellery or by the clergymen, show that it was not yet a wide-spread phenomenon. However, the reconstruction method makes it possible to hypothesise that there were more letters written by women than the extant sources indicate. We can see from those few surviving sources of early correspondence between women that the circle of themes discussed in these letters was not yet wide. They reflect the topicalities of that particular period or the realities of the rulers’ daily life: political and diplomatic matters, events that had taken place in the rulers’ environment, recommendations, information, gratitude, apology, encouragement, reproach, and congratulation. The epistles of the female rulers were set out in line with the canon of ars dictaminis characteristic of the Middle Ages: their letters are written in a businesslike representative style and contain traditional rhetoric formalism. The lexicon used in the epistles corresponds to the status of the addresser. What is important is that the letters are more and more often addressed to the female ruler herself instead of passing something on or making a gift of something via her husband. Still, when a woman’s belonging to a certain social status or a stratum in a family hierarchy is referred to in the epistles, the general attitude of those times – that a woman must ‘belong’ to someone – is prominent: she is addressed as a wife, a widow, or a sister. It should be emphasised that female letters of the late fourteenth to the early sixteenth century were hardly ever entirely private. In the epistles of a female ruler, we will not find many intimate details because the specifics of her status and correspondence, and the level of literacy did not provide extensive opportunities for the existence of exclusively private correspondence: even when a letter is addressed to a close relative or a beloved, or when it conveyed warm feelings, the distance was maintained.

Introduction. The article considers anthroponymous toponyms of Tatar origin in the Republic of Mari El in reference to the genesis and history of movement and contact of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the article is to study the Tatar-Mari toponymic zoning based on the otantroponym oikonyms, which go back to the Tatar language. Materials and Methods. The analysis of toponymic material is associated with the use of various approaches: comparative-historical, comparative, as well as such research methods: the method of component analysis of toponymic units; areal, descriptive, structural, etymological, statistical, cartographic. The body of the research is represented by otanthroponymic oikonyms, selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in the Russian, Mari and Tatar languages, in the number of 129 units. Results and Discussion. The Tatar-Mari interactions on the territory of the Republic of Mari-El are concentrated in two main zones: the Tatar-mountain-Mari toponymic zone and the Tatar-meadow-Mari zone. The article defines the basic principles of the nomination of anthroponymous toponyms, provides a classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination in each of the topozones, and also highlights parallel names. The analysis also makes it possible to trace the patterns of placement of toponymic objects on the territory of the the Republic of Mari-El. Analysis of the identified borrowings from the Tatar language makes it possible to clarify their territorial localization in the territory of Mari El. Oikonyms formed on the basis of Tatar personal names are most common in areas of compact residence of Tatars, as well as in border areas with the Republic of Tatarstan, due to trade and economic, historical and political, administrative, territorial, and geographical factors. The main principle underlying the Mari otantroponym oikonyms was their nomination based on the relationship with a person: their social status; class affiliation; profession; social interactions; place and role in the family hierarchy; human character; appearance; clothing; qualities of a person; their financial status; etc. Conclusion. The names of Mari anthroponymous topoobjects of Tatar origin were implemented in importing Tatar values that are significant for the Mari ethnic group and go back to Tatar names: material wealth, high social status, respect for parents and elders, health and strength of body, friendship, kindness, firmness and strength of character, cleanliness and neatness in clothing.

Animals have become increasingly integrated into the human home and family practices. This paper explores the changing role of animals in diverse Polish families. It demonstrates how the presence of ACs and common practices shape and polish couples' lives and influence doing and displaying family. To do so we explored the lives of diverse couples, those who do not yet have children, including LGBTQ families, and those whose children have left the family home, all of them living with ACs. We looked at their diversity through the prism of animals' role in everyday life practices and the interspecies bond being created. We found that in analysed projects ACs were given a high status in the familial hierarchy and played a central role in family everyday lives that can be named a separate phase in the family life course. Our goal was to describe the practices that constitute and express this uniqueness of doing interspecies family triangles/herds. For the everydayness of the interspecies family, the concept of family This paper describes how the emotional interspecies kinship is being practiced by human couples with ACs, who took part in our study.

Introduction. The family as a resource for psychological well-being influences the formation of personal beliefs about interpersonal and role-based family relationships. The reflected experience of relationships in the family of origin and subjective models of interaction with the world are reflected in the beliefs of boys and girls about the family structure. Beliefs about role relationships in the family influence the matrimonial behaviour of the individual, determining the choice of a strategy of actions based on the hierarchy of family values.Purpose. Identification and description of the features of the content of the individual’s beliefs about role relationships in the family during the period of matrimonial choice.Materials and methods. The study involved 135 people (55 boys and 80 girls, aged 17-21 years), students from Adygea State Pedagogical University, who are in the matrimonial choice period. The Role Expectations and Claims in Marriage (RESM) test by A. N. Volkova and the Distribution of Roles in the Family methodology by Yu. E. Alyoshina, L. Ya. Gozman, E. M. Dubovskaya were applied. A comparative analysis of the severity of beliefs about the desired role behaviour of the future marriage partner in boys and girls was carried out.Results. The specificity and gender differences in the severity of beliefs indicators about the distribution of roles in the family among modern students are shown, taking into account the gender factor. The importance of personal identification with a partner is reflected (girls have an average score of 6.9, boys 5.6 according to the RECM method) and the expected performance of the emotional-psychotherapeutic function by the family (average score 7.2 for girls and 6.6 for boys). The beliefs of students of both sexes about the structure of the family reflect the features of the egalitarian type of family, that is, the expectations of equal partnership in the family (the results obtained using the Distribution of Roles in the Family methodology showed no significant differences in the views of girls and boys).Discussion and conclusion. The adequacy of the reality of ideas about the requirements for a partner, the subject of role behaviour, provides awareness of matrimonial choice, which is necessary for building a prosperous and constructive interaction in the family. In conclusion, the effectiveness of art therapy in psychological support programmes for the development of constructive ideas about the psychological determinants of a successful family among young people is emphasized.

This article is devoted to the development of a linguistic model for describing the concept WOMAN. The material is women’s dialect discourse. The sources of the material are the Tomsk dialect corpus which includes materials of expeditions organized by dialectologists of Tomsk State University from 1946 to the present days on the territory of Middle Ob dialects spread. In the article we used modeling method based on the idea of the nominative field of a concept, as well as an interpretation technique relying on analysis of contexts, and a method of quantitative calculations used in relation to units that represent the concept. Lexical and phraseological units that make up the nominative field of the concept were revealed during the research. These units were divided into the following lexical-semantic groups: 1) the general nominations of a female person; 2) age and status in marriage; 4) status in the family hierarchy; 5) anatomical and biological characteristics; 6) character traits and behavior; 7) appearance characteristics; 8) profession and work processes. Elements of different layers of the concept are revealed in each lexical- semantic group. All of them give a general picture of ideas about women. So, the basis for identifying of gender conceptualizations and stereotypes is the presence of linguistic oppositions of male and female; the presence of a large number of lexical units that reflect the status of marriage (girl, bride, young woman, wife, mistress, old woman, widow, old girl, brooch and so on); lexical pairs that are opposed to each other on the basis of evaluation “positive” – “negative” (clean, clean – dirty, mistress – disheveled, etc.). A large number of words that negatively assess certain qualities and behavior of women (gossip girl, market woman, stramovka, etc.) indicate the high requirements imposed on the woman, the condemnation of deviations from social norms. The content of the concept of WOMAN depends on the specifics of rural existence, which is based on work, the presence of patriarchal gender stereotypes, social and historical events and processes. The significance of the research is determined by the possibility of using its results for development of a new interdisciplinary scientific field – gender dialectology that studies the gender characteristics of the dialect.

The PIRSF protein classification system ( http://pir.georgetown.edu/pirsf/ ) reflects evolutionary relationships of full-length proteins and domains. The primary PIRSF classification unit is the homeomorphic family, whose members are both homologous (evolved from a common ancestor) and homeomorphic (sharing full-length sequence similarity and a common domain architecture). PIRSF families are curated systematically based on literature review and integrative sequence and functional analysis, including sequence and structure similarity, domain architecture, functional association, genome context, and phyletic pattern. The results of classification and expert annotation are summarized in PIRSF family reports with graphical viewers for taxonomic distribution, domain architecture, family hierarchy, and multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree. The PIRSF system provides a comprehensive resource for bioinformatics analysis and comparative studies of protein function and evolution. Domain or fold-based searches allow identification of evolutionarily related protein families sharing domains or structural folds. Functional convergence and functional divergence are revealed by the relationships between protein classification and curated family functions. The taxonomic distribution allows the identification of lineage-specific or broadly conserved protein families and can reveal horizontal gene transfer. Here we demonstrate, with illustrative examples, how to use the web-based PIRSF system as a tool for functional and evolutionary studies of protein families.

The PIRSF protein classification system (http://pir.georgetown.edu/pirsf/) reflects evolutionary relationships of full-length proteins and domains. The primary PIRSF classification unit is the homeomorphic family, whose members are both homologous (evolved from a common ancestor) and homeomorphic (sharing full-length sequence similarity and a common domain architecture). PIRSF families are curated systematically based on literature review and integrative sequence and functional analysis, including sequence and structure similarity, domain architecture, functional association, genome context, and phyletic pattern. The results of classification and expert annotation are summarized in PIRSF family reports with graphical viewers for taxonomic distribution, domain architecture, family hierarchy, and multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree. The PIRSF system provides a comprehensive resource for bioinformatics analysis and comparative studies of protein function and evolution. Domain or fold-based searches allow identification of evolutionarily related protein families sharing domains or structural folds. Functional convergence and functional divergence are revealed by the relationships between protein classification and curated family functions. The taxonomic distribution allows the identification of lineage-specific or broadly conserved protein families and can reveal horizontal gene transfer. Here we demonstrate, with illustrative examples, how to use the web-based PIRSF system as a tool for functional and evolutionary studies of protein families.

Our experiment included 72 genograms of women aged 27-34, who participated in the practical course aimed at work with generic scenarios. We analyzed women`s genograms and identified transgenerational models of marriage. Transgenerational models of marriage can be reflected in each of 3-4 generations or have some influence through generation. It should be noted that transgenerational models of marriage have the following characteristics: the structure of marriage (family hierarchy, distribution of family roles), stages of family development (divorce, move, giving birth, remarriage), the level of satisfaction with the marriage. We identified 4 transgenerational models of marriage that were frequently seen in the study sample. The 1st model “Patriarchal marriage” (14 genograms) is characterized by a significant role of a father and/or a grandfather, idealized and seen as a desired image of a man. The studied women with this family model showed some discontent with their husbands because they do not meet the expectations. The 2nd model “Matriarchal marriage” (14 genograms) is connected with strong female images (grandmother and/or great-grandmother), who were forced to take primary responsibility for the family because the man was a weak figure: he might have drunk, been sick, cheated, had problems with the law. Such relationships are very consistently reproduced in the families of female descendants. The 3rd model “Serial monogamy” (10 genograms) is characterized by the common features of two marriages from previous generations. Most often the 1st of them is described as unconscious and early, and the 2nd marriage as a more successful one. One of the options is that there are children in one marriage, and the other couple has problems with fertility. The 4th model “Misalliance” is an alliance of people with a consciously different social, educational and material status. The fact of the partners’ inconsistencies is emphasized and passed as a family mythology. This misalliance is reproduced in the generations of the descendants. Recommendations are offered for marital psychotherapy, taking into account the influence of the transgenerational model of marriage on the interactions of couples.

To be one of 'the middling sort' in urban England in the late seventeenth or eighteenth century was to live a life tied, one way or another, to the world of commerce. In a lively study that combines narrative and alternately poignant and hilarious anecdotes with convincing analysis, Margaret R. Hunt offers a view of middling society during the hundred years that separated the Glorious Revolution from the factory age. Thanks to her exploration of many family papers and court records, Hunt is able to examine what people thought, felt, and valued. She finds that early capitalism and early modern family life were far more insecure than their 'classical' models supposed. Commercial needs and social needs coincided to a large extent. family is central to Hunt's story, and she shows how financial struggles brought conflict, ambiguity, and tension to the home. She investigates the way gender intertwined with class and family hierarchy and the way many businesses survived as precarious successes, secured through the sacrifices made by female as well as male family members. The Middling Sort offers a dynamic portrait of a society struggling to minimize the considerable social and psychic dislocation that accompanied England's launch of a full-scale market economy.

Behavioural time–energy budgets of cooperatively breedingNeolamprologus pulcher(Pisces: Cichlidae)