Understanding the Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Cognitive Appraisals Leading to Emotions: An Integrative Narrative Review

SummaryIn this narrative review, we provide an overview of the self‐monitoring literature as it applies to the workplace context. Our starting point to the review is a meta‐analysis of self‐monitoring literature published inby Day, Schleicher, Unckless, and Hiller. After providing an overview of the theoretical basis of self‐monitoring and its measurement, we present a summary of the broad literature on self‐monitoring to examine the implications of self‐monitoring for employees and organizations. Based on our review, we identify the main outcomes of self‐monitoring as well as findings of the literature treating self‐monitoring as a moderator. We provide evidence that self‐monitoring has potential downsides, which would benefit from further investigation. We conclude our review by identifying important potential future research directions.

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases constitute a significant burden on the health and growth of children the world over. Globally, diarrhoeal conditions remain the second leading cause of death among children under 5. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of caregivers are at the heart of diarrhoeal disease prevention and proper management.
 Objective: This review aimed to assess caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding diarrhoea in children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa, as discussed in the literature.
 Design: Integrative narrative review
 Data Sources: The review saw an extensive search on two electronic databases. Search results were screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria. At the end of the screening, 37 studies were included in the review.
 Review Methods: Inclusion criteria: Only studies whose focus was on caregivers’ knowledge, attitude and practice relating to diarrhoea in children under five were included. Also, only publications reported in the English Language were considered, and publications must have been between 2010-2020. Additionally, the methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Down & Black (1998) checklist for quality evaluation in a systematic review.
 Results: In this review, it emerged that studies in Sub-Saharan Africa indicate that caregivers display poor overall knowledge about diarrhoea. Also, the attitudes of caregivers towards diarrhoea prevention and treatment was low in many studies. On care practices, prevention practices, and management/treatment practices, including ORS and Zinc usage, were mainly reported to be quiet.
 Conclusions: The review concluded that there are poor levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of managing diarrhoea among caregivers of children under five (5) years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The researchers recommended continuous health education to address knowledge gaps of mothers about diarrhoea, its prevention and treatment according to international standards.

Today's work experience: Precursors of both how I feel and how I think about my job?

Simple SummaryWomen diagnosed with cancer at reproductive age often face potential impairments in fertility due to cancer treatments and complex and uncertain fertility decisions. The complexity of the decision-making process is often associated with psychological distress and a potential for long-term decisional regret around a decision made at diagnosis, which may have a negative impact on patients’ Quality of Life (QoL). Some factors have been associated with the experience of regret, such as patients’ perceived quality and satisfaction with the fertility counseling received, the decision to undergo fertility preservation procedures, desire for children and decisional regret. Awareness of these factors is of utmost importance to support and guide this population through their fertility decision-making process.It is well established that fertility is an important issue for young women with cancer at reproductive age, as many have not initiated or completed their parenthood goals when diagnosed. Because cancer treatments may impair fertility, women face fertility decisions that are often complex and surrounded by uncertainty. This may put patients at risk for psychological distress and the experience of regret regarding decisions made at diagnosis, which may be associated with a negative impact on women’s QoL. This narrative review addresses current knowledge about decisional regret regarding fertility preservation decisions in adult female cancer patients at reproductive age. Electronic searches were conducted on Pubmed database for articles published in English from 1 January 2000 to 1 July 2021 that assessed decisional regret following fertility decisions in young women diagnosed at childbearing age. Of the 96 articles identified, nine provided information on decisional regret regarding fertility decisions. Studies reported that, overall, decisional regret regarding oncofertility decisions was low. Factors associated with the experience of decisional regret were patients’ perceived quality and satisfaction with fertility counseling received, the decision to undergo fertility preservation, desire for children and decisional conflict. Health providers should be aware of the factors that are potentially modifiable and prone to improvement in order to reduce decisional regret. All efforts should be made to improve availability of and access to tailored high quality fertility counseling and fertility preservation. Given the growing evidence that decision aids (DAs) are effective in increasing knowledge and reducing decisional conflict and regret, their use in a routine and timely manner to complement fertility counseling is recommended.

AimsTo conduct a scoping review of primary research studies on clinicians’ emotional responses (i.e., countertransference) when working with individuals with antisocial personality and/or psychopathy traits or disorders. A secondary aim is to map clinicians’ personal opinions on managing these individuals clinically, as they can influence clinical decision-making.MethodsA PRISMA-ScR compliant scoping review was conducted. PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO/PsycINFO were searched for studies published from 01/01/1990 to 06/12/2023, including clinicians providing clinical care to individuals with antisocial or psychopathy traits or disorders assessed via standardized and validated tools and focusing on their cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses, with no restriction regarding context/location and study design (protocol: https://osf.io/eaquj).ResultsTwelve studies were included, mostly from Europe, mainly focusing on clinicians working with individuals with ASPD. Only two studies addressed psychopathy. Key findings were organized into four concepts: (a) “common emotional responses,” which included nervousness, fear of aggression, detachment, and frustration experienced by the clinician; (b) “willingness to deliver clinical care,” indicating the key role of clinicians’ confidence in their perceived knowledge and skills to provide effective psychological treatment and highlighting that clinicians working in forensic mental health settings exhibit a higher motivation to provide clinical care compared to those in non-forensic settings; (c) “emotional responses related to misogynistic behaviors,” showing additional challenges for assigned female therapists in group therapy; (d) “opinions about clinical management and therapeutic alliance,” emphasizing the crucial role of the clinician’s respect, recognition, and flexible yet firm boundaries.ConclusionIndividuals with antisocial and psychopathy traits or disorders pose significant challenges in terms of clinicians’ emotional responses, highlighting the need for tailored training and supervision to enhance their competence and confidence. The absence of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials on this subject, along with the limited evidence on psychopathy, warrants for further research.Systematic review registrationhttps://osf.io/eaquj.

Increased negative emotional responses in PROP supertasters

One of the ways of analysing the relationship between music and emotions in through musical expressiveness. As the theory I discuss in this paper puts it, expressiveness in a particular kind of music's secondary quality or, to use the term which gives the theory its name, a disposition of music to arouse a certain emotional response in listeners. The most accurate version of the dispositional theory is provided by Derek Matravers in his book Art and Emotion and in other papers: what I will try to do, then, is to illustrate Matravers theory and claim that it is a good solution to many problems concerning music and its capacity to affect our inner states.

P01-202-Assessement of relationship between affective temperaments, trait impusivity and emotional response inhibition in euthymic state of bipolar disorder

The aim was to determine whether the relationship between personality traits and Subjective Well-Being (SWB) differs when the affective component of SWB is measured in terms of frequency or intensity. Extraversion and Neuroticism were expected to show significant but different associations to SWB depending on the dimension of the affective component. Swedish undergraduate students (N = 153) self-reported personality, life satisfaction (LS), and affect measured in both frequency (i.e., how often they feel certain affects) and intensity (i.e., how strongly they feel certain affects). Two types of SWB-scores were constructed by merging LS with affect measured in either frequency or intensity. While Extraversion had a similar effect on both types of SWB, Neuroticism had a significantly stronger effect on SWB when the affective component was measured in frequency. More importantly, the effect of Neuroticism, compared to Extraversion, was stronger on SWB regardless of the dimension of the affective component. These findings suggest that future research should clearly distinguish between intensity and frequency when measuring the affective component of SWB. The distinction is important, not only due to the distinctiveness of the affective dimensions per se, but also due to different association patterns between personality traits and both dimensions.

Background/Objectives: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often persisting into adolescence and adulthood, with significant impacts on social, academic, and occupational functioning. Emerging research highlights the role of personality traits in ADHD, suggesting their influence on symptom presentation, functional impairments, and treatment adherence. This study aims to investigate maladaptive personality domains and traits in adolescents with ADHD using the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) framework and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form (PID-5-SF), with a particular focus on the differences among same-sex peers and differences from typically developing peers. Methods: This study included 30 ADHD and 25 TD adolescents aged 11-17 (12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 14.9 ± 1.7; p < 0.001), recruited at IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo". Participants underwent clinical assessments, cognitive evaluation, and standardized rating scales, with maladaptive personality traits measured using the PID-5-SF. Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the two groups, as appropriate. Results: ADHD adolescents showed significantly higher scores than TD peers in restricted affectivity (p = 0.007), distractibility (p = 0.001), impulsivity (p = 0.049), irresponsibility (p = 0.036), hostility (p = 0.046), perseveration (p = 0.010), submissiveness (p = 0.023), and risk-taking (p = 0.032). Among personality domains, disinhibition was significantly higher in the ADHD group (p = 0.002), while detachment approached significance. Female ADHD participants scored higher than TD females in restricted affectivity, distractibility, and risk-taking. Conclusions: These findings suggest that maladaptive personality traits play a key role in ADHD during adolescence, highlighting the need for tailored interventions. Integrating personality assessment into clinical practice may enhance diagnostic accuracy and support more effective, individualized treatment strategies.

Inside the happy personality: Personality states, situation experience, and state affect mediate the relation between personality and affect

Vasoactive drugs for the management of maternal arterial hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. An updated integrative narrative review

Binge drinking is defined as consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time, whereas hangover is a cluster of unpleasant mental symptoms and physical signs that typically manifest the next day after binge drinking. Binge drinking is a prevalent pattern of alcohol consumption, especially in adolescents, with dualistic effects on social behavior. While some studies demonstrate that a single episode of binge drinking enhances sociability and preference for social novelty, other studies indicate that repeating cycles of binge drinking and hangover can lead to persistent negative affect and consequently social withdawal. This is an integrative narrative review synthesizing human studies and animal models of binge drinking (also known as alcohol intoxication) and hangover (also known as alcohol withdrawal). The major databases consulted were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search terms used were “binge drinking” or “hangover”and “social behavior” or “social brain” in combination with “rats”, “mice” or “humans”. Finding the missing link between structural and functional changes in the social brain in the context of binge drinking and hangover is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. This review focuses on changes in hypothalamic neurohormones and extrahypothalamic neurotransmitters in these states, and concludes with the statement that targeting neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) and their receptors, which are involved in both binge drinking and social behavior, may prevent repeated cycles of binge drinking and hangover from spiraling into alcohol addiction and, ultimately, social isolation.

Application of a behavioral theory of motivation to the concepts of anxiety and impulsivity

An Integrative Review of Interventions to Support Parents When Managing Their Child's Pain at Home