Abstract
Abiotic stress is the major threat confronted by modern-day agriculture. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that influence geographical distribution, survival, and productivity of various crops across the globe. Plants perceive salt stress cues and communicate specific signals, which lead to the initiation of defence response against it. Stress signalling involves the transporters, which are critical for water transport and ion homeostasis. Various cytoplasmic components like calcium and kinases are critical for any type of signalling within the cell which elicits molecular responses. Stress signalling instils regulatory proteins and transcription factors (TFs), which induce stress-responsive genes. In this review, we discuss the role of ion transporters, protein kinases, and TFs in plants to overcome the salt stress. Understanding stress responses by components collectively will enhance our ability in understanding the underlying mechanism, which could be utilized for crop improvement strategies for achieving food security.
Highlights
Plants frequently encounter unfavourable abiotic stresses like extreme temperatures, drought, waterlogging, contamination of soils by heavy metals (HMs), and high salt concentrations
Different signalling components together play an important role in regulating abiotic stress response and play a critical role in conferring stress endurance and tolerance to plants
The abiotic stress mechanism and the signalling pathways are studied in model plants which provide us with insight into its working (Figure 3)
Summary
Plants frequently encounter unfavourable abiotic stresses like extreme temperatures, drought, waterlogging, contamination of soils by heavy metals (HMs), and high salt concentrations. ROS production in excess is destructive to the cell as it disrupts membranes, mutates DNA, and degrades lipids, proteins, and photosynthetic pigments [7] It affects photosynthesis by hampering chloroplastic functions and stomatal closure [8]. We aim to discuss salt stress sensitivity, the role of ionic transporters, and the related regulatory gene products that allow the plants to alleviate salt stress at the cellular and/or molecular level. It focuses on protein kinases and TFs associated with salt stress tolerance and illustrates their potential for crop improvement
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