Understanding Social Status through Social Deixis and Politeness Strategy in German Series Maxton Hall: The World Between Us

Soon, autonomous cars are expected to become widespread, but at present, it is still common for people to drive cars manually. A driving support agent (DSA) is used to support driving using the human-agent interaction approach. In previous research, it was shown that DSAs can be useful in assisting the user through voice utterances. However, previous studies focusing on DSA utterance design have not compared off-record strategies with other politeness strategies that explicitly communicate the speaker's intentions, and it was not clear whether DSA should provide explicit utterances to the user. Therefore, in this study, a video-based subjective evaluation experiment (n=240) was conducted to compare the acceptability of off-record strategies, positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, and direct utterances without politeness strategies. The results of the experiment showed that the negative politeness strategy was evaluated significantly higher than the off-record strategy on evaluation items related to functionality. This result suggests the usefulness of providing explicit instructions with linguistic consideration (politeness) when DSA provides driving assistance to users. In addition to the above findings, there were several correlations between the user's personality characteristics and the subjective evaluation of the DSA. Specifically, there was a significant positive correlation between the level of conscientiousness of the user and the direct utterance evaluation value. For the positive politeness strategy and off-record strategy, there were no significant correlations between evaluation categories of the dislikeability and users' personality characteristics. These results suggest that individual differences in n egative impressions due to personality characteristics are small in the positive politeness and off-record strategies.

In conversations, people tend to speak politely to keep their interlocutors’ feelings so the conversation can be maintained in harmony. They follow several rules and principles that already exist in society. They apply politeness strategies so that the communication can run effectively. This study aims to discover the politeness strategies performed by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie and explain the pattern of different types of strategies used in the movie. The data were taken from the movie’s transcript as the primary source. A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. Based on the analysis, the politeness strategies were used by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie. The types of politeness strategies employed are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. The most frequent strategy was positive politeness which occurred 98 times from 149 data. The patterns of politeness strategies applied are in declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. All types of sentences contain bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. By using politeness strategies, people appreciate their interlocutors so that the conversation will be well-maintained. Besides, this study contributes to English language teaching in comprehending cross-cultural understanding (CCU) through the movie, especially in western culture.

This research focused on analysing the politeness strategies in online teachers' and students' virtual classroom interaction at SMPN 16 Cirebon. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to explain the use of positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, bald-on-record strategies, and off-record strategies and the relationship among the politeness strategies in teacher-students virtual classroom interaction in the online teaching-learning process at SMPN 16 Cirebon. The data were collected by using observation with recording and note-taking. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis, Braun and Clarke's theory. The finding showed that positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record strategies exist in virtual classroom interaction. The teachers used positive politeness to engage students' attention and build a comfortable situation in the online virtual classroom. At the same time, students used it to respect the teacher before conveying their questions or answering their opinions. The students and teachers use bald-on-record to communicate their feelings in an emergency. Students used off-record to avoid the teacher's questions, while the teacher used it to build the student's thoughts in the beginning activities. All the strategies correlate and impact creating an atmosphere or situation in online virtual classroom interaction.

This study investigates the politeness strategies employed by the main characters in The Garfield Movie from a pragmatic perspective, using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory as the analytical framework. By analyzing selected dialogues, the research identifies four main types of politeness strategies: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. The findings reveal that positive politeness strategies are predominantly used to maintain social harmony and express friendliness, while bald on record strategies reflect the characters’ directness and humor. Negative politeness strategies appear less frequently, mainly to mitigate impositions and show respect, and off-record strategies serve to convey subtlety and indirectness, often adding comedic effect. The study highlights how these strategies align with the characters’ personalities and relationships, contributing to effective communication and audience engagement. The implications of this research extend to pragmatic theory, language teaching, media scriptwriting, and intercultural communication, emphasizing the value of media texts as authentic sources for pragmatic learning and analysis.

This study compares the politeness strategies used by Japanese and Indonesian speakers in communication on social media, based on Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. To investigate the utilization of politeness strategies in social media interactions, we gathered 200 comments on several contents by public figures on Twitter and Instagram posted in December 2022. The dataset comprises 100 comments from Japanese users derived from posts made by accounts like @yousuck2020, @kishida230, @watanabenaomi703, and @yuriko.koike. The other 100 comments were collected from Indonesian users, originating from accounts such as @fiersabesari, @jokowi, @raffinagita1717, and @ridwankamil. The research findings show a similarity between Japanese and Indonesian speakers, with positive politeness strategy being the most frequently used politeness strategy in social media interactions. This is because there is a common desire to maintain good relationships in communication on social media. On the other hand, differences were observed in the utilization of negative politeness and off-record strategies. The research results reveal that the frequency of negative politeness strategies used by Japanese speakers was slightly higher than that used by Indonesian speakers. In comparison, the frequency of the off-record strategy was lower.

This study explores politeness strategies in conversations about transgender perspectives, using Brown and Levinson's (1987) framework. The research employed a qualitative method, analyzing recorded conversations between male and female participants discussing transgender issues from social and religious perspectives. The analysis identifies four main strategies: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on record, and off-record. Positive politeness was the most frequently used strategy, with male speakers employing it 14 times and female speakers 7 times, primarily through agreement, repetition, and joking. Negative politeness strategies appeared 10 times, equally distributed between genders, using indirectness and questions. Bald-on record strategies were used 14 times, mostly by female speakers, indicating their tendency for direct communication. The off-record strategy was minimally used, occurring only once by a male speaker. The study finds that participants' close relationships and shared knowledge facilitated the frequent use of positive politeness and bald-on record strategies. Notably, male speakers were more polite, often using positive politeness, while female speakers were more direct and explicit, especially on sensitive topics. This research highlights the influence of social dynamics and cultural norms on politeness strategies in discussions about transgender issues.

A political interview with a presidential candidate(s) is one of the most anticipated interviews not just by their supporters, but by the entire public. Although this interview has been going on for a while and the presidential election is over, it is still important to analyze the interview from both political and other perspectives. Through a pragmatic approach, this study aims to describe the types of politeness of one of the presidential candidates in answering critical questions from journalists. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method in which the data is collected through non-participant observation techniques and analyzed based on the classification of language politeness proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987). This study found four politeness strategies, namely direct strategy (bald on-record), positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, indirect strategy (off-record). Among these, the most dominant was the off-record strategy (37,8%), which indicates the politician’s preference for indirectness and narrative to address sensitive topics. The second most frequent was positive politeness (31.0%), typically employed to create in-group solidarity and a sense of shared purpose. Negative politeness (24.3%) was used when delivering disagreement or rejection while maintaining respect for the interlocutor’s autonomy. The least used strategy was bald on-record (6.7%), applied selectively for assertive or factual statements. These findings suggest that politeness strategies in political interviews are not merely linguistic choices, but are tied to image management, institutional power relations, and strategic facework. Besides aiming to enrich the understanding of how the concepts of politeness and face strategies are used in the political context, this study also explains how politicians use language to shape their self-image before the public and the media.

The aims of this study were to identify the politeness strategies used by Ambonese and Americans in refusing requests, as well as the effects of social relationships. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in the study. The data of American conversations were collected from youtube.com and direct observation by recording conversations between interlocutors by 20 respondents of Ambonese in any situation. The data was analyzed and classified using six politeness systems by Yassi, and politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson. The results show that in interactions between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use a bald on record strategy, which is frequently combined with a negative politeness strategy, whereas Americans tend to use a negative politeness strategy, which includes expressing apology followed by a direct expression of refusal or using off-record strategy. In an intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategies, whereas Americans tend to use off-record strategies and negative politeness strategies. In a hierarchal relationship, Ambonese tend to use negative politeness strategies by inferior to superior person, while Americans tend to use negative politeness strategies or off record strategies. Culturally, Ambonese people were influenced by local wisdom to maintain solidarity in responding and addressing, which is called Pela Gandong, whereas Americans were influenced by the freedom to express themselves.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the role of cooperative principles and politeness strategies in forming phatic speech acts in women's communication on Facebook. This research is qualitative research. This study applies an ethnographic approach. The data type used is qualitative in words, sentences, photographs, documents, journals, and articles. The primary data in this study is the speech of women who are divided into categories, namely adult women and adolescents. The data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique used the ethnographic analysis model introduced by Spradley. The research results show that adult women implement the cooperative principles of relevance maxims and quality maxims. They also violate the cooperative principles of relevance maxim, quality maxim, and quantity maxim, while the politeness strategy applies positive politeness strategies. Negative politeness strategy, off-record strategy, and bald on-record strategies. The findings that adult women have analyzed tend to apply the maxim of relevance, violate the principle of cooperation of relevance, and use positive politeness strategies. Teenagers use phatic speech acts by applying the principles of relevance and method cooperation, violating the maxims of relevance, quantity, and quality and using positive politeness and bald off-record strategies. Overall, dominant adolescents perform phatic speech acts by applying the maxim of manner, violating the maxim of relevance, and using positive politeness strategies.

This study conducts a discourse analysis of six speeches delivered by Vice President Sara Duterte concerning the MATATAG Curriculum, using AntConc software to examine lexical categories, specifically verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, along with their frequency patterns. Grounded in Goffman’s Politeness Theory, the research identifies the politeness strategies employed, including positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record strategies, to reveal how linguistic choices shape the public’s perception of educational reforms. The findings show that Duterte’s speeches strategically use language to emphasize urgency, inclusivity, and alignment with both national identity and international standards. Frequent verbs highlight foundational learning and reform initiatives, adverbs stress consistent and timely policy implementation, and adjectives underscore themes of inclusivity and regional cooperation. The analysis uncovers a balanced deployment of politeness strategies: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record politeness, and off-record politeness, that maintain rapport, assert authority, and engage diverse stakeholders effectively. This study fills a methodological gap, with this research utilizing AntConc software to analyze the linguistic elements and their frequency in Duterte’s speeches revealing her politeness strategies and the underlying ideologies reflected in the corpus. The implications extend to students, educators, political pundits, and future researchers, offering insights into effective communication in discourse and fostering critical engagement with political speech, as well as with the use of Antconc. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how politeness strategies, and lexical selection in political speeches can influence educational policy acceptance and public trust.

This study deals with the politeness strategies of directive utterance used by the host of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat Talk Show on TV One. This study employs qualitative design which aims at describing the politeness strategy of directive utterance used by the host. The strategy of politeness is related to those proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record strategy, Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-record strategy. Directive utterance is related to those proposed by Vanderveken (1990); there are 56 types of directive utterances. The subject is the host as the interviewer in three episodes who participated in this research. The results show that the host expresses her directive utterances in request, questions, interrogates, urge, invite, and cautions. The host applied the four types of politeness strategies to relate directive utterances as politeness strategies stated by Brown and Levinson they are (1) bald on record, (2) positive politeness, (3) negative politeness, (4) off record. The most type is question (30%) as positive politeness. It is caused by the host wants to give questions respects the H’s negative face want and will not (or will only minimally) interfere with the H’s freedom of action. Keywords: politeness strategies, directive utterances

Drawing on Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory, this study investigates the communicative interaction behaviors of physicians, patients, and patients' parents in pediatrics in Taiwan. Thirty outpatients and six senior physicians from three different levels of hospital participated in the study. The analysis results indicate that most of the communicative politeness strategies used in pediatrics are bald-on-record, direct, and non-redressed. In addition, physicians adopt a higher percentage of bald-on-record and negative politeness strategies than patients. In contrast, patients' parents use more positive politeness and off-record strategies. These results indicate that while physicians display lower levels of politeness and often communicate directly, patients' parents express more supportive opinions and adopt more indirect communication strategies. The results reveal a preference for efficiency in pediatric clinics, with physicians adopting a dominant role in the communication process. These results also demonstrate an inherently asymmetric power balance between physician and patient. Our findings indicate the presence of several commonly seen politeness strategies and dialogue patterns that encourage greater self-awareness and self-observation for physicians and patients, leading to more effective communication in the clinical context. Finally, also discussed are the possible influences of Chinese culture such as face work, harmony, and power.

This study aims to analyze the politeness strategies employed by teachers during the learning process at the Bilingual Community School. Teacher communication in the classroom is significantly influenced by the use of polite utterances, especially in a bilingual setting where both linguistic and cultural differences shape the dynamics of interaction. This research uses a qualitative method, with data collected through direct observation and audio recordings of teacher utterances during classroom activities. The subjects of the study were reception class teachers actively engaged in bilingual instruction. The findings identified 12 teacher utterances applying various politeness strategies, such as positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off-record strategies. These strategies were not used arbitrarily but were adapted to align with learning objectives, classroom management goals, and situational context. The study highlights how politeness strategies enhance teacher-student rapport, classroom engagement, and the overall effectiveness of communication in a multilingual educational environment, providing insight for educators in similar contexts.

This study highlights the importance of politeness strategies in making requests, particularly for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). While numerous studies have examined politeness strategies in teacher-student interactions within EFL classrooms, few have focused on EFL learners’ own perceptions and attitudes toward these strategies in making requests. This study aims to investigate how EFL learners perceive and apply politeness strategies in request speech acts in relation to their communication strategies and pragmatic awareness. Employing a quantitative descriptive design, the study involved nine students from the English Education study program who had completed the Semantics and Pragmatics course. Data were collected using a closed-ended questionnaire based on a Likert scale, developed in reference to Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory. Responses were gathered via Google Forms and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to determine the frequency and percentage of politeness strategy preferences. The findings indicate that participants predominantly preferred positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies, while bald on-record strategies were generally avoided due to their perceived impoliteness. The study concludes that EFL learners demonstrate a solid level of pragmatic competence and tend to select politeness strategies that promote respectful and harmonious communication. These findings suggest the need for more explicit instruction on pragmatic aspects of language use in EFL curricula to further enhance learners’ communicative effectiveness.

Politeness is defined as a way to show awareness of another person’s public self-image. This research is a pragmatic study on politeness strategies stated by the main characters in The SpongeBob Movie: sponge on the run. The objectives of this research are to identify the types of politeness strategies employed by the main characters in The SpongeBob Movie: sponge on the run. This research used qualitative descriptive approach. The data used in this study were in the form of utterances which contain politeness strategies. The data source was The SpongeBob Movie: sponge on the run script. The data were collected by note-taking technique then they were classified and analyzed. The results of the research are showing that there are four types of politeness strategies employed by the main characters in The SpongeBob Movie: sponge on the run when having conversation such as Bald-on record strategy, Positive politeness strategy, Negative politeness strategy, and Off record strategy. Negative politeness is applied in as many as 7 times (35 %) by the main characters. At is followed by positive politeness strategy is applied as many 6 (30%) times the same as Bald-on Record strategy which is also occurred 6 (30%) times. On the other hand, Off-Record strategy is the least strategy applied by the main characters, it occurs once out of 20 (5 %).