Abstract
Ionized gases are heavily concentrated in the ionosphere's F zone, the region between 200 and 500 kilometers in altitude, which is critical for transmitting long‐distance radio signals on Earth. However, instabilities in the F region plasma, which can last from seconds to hours and can be spread over centimeters to tens of kilometers, disrupt transmission of radio signals. The plasma instabilities, restricted to the equatorial region following sunset, are called equatorial spread F (ESF). Earth‐based instruments perceive ESF events as “twinkling” radio signals. ESF events, first detected in the 1930s, affect the performance and reliability of space‐borne and ground‐based electronic systems; they can disrupt satellite operations and related communications and navigation systems.
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