Uncovering The Spatial Variation of Factors Influencing Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from East Java

If Rome Is Burning, Why Are We Fiddling?

Within the last 35 years of 1975-2010 it was shown that within 1975-2000 the trend of convergence of economy between the provincial index of gross regional domestic product (GRDP) per capita with the national index of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figured out by the ratio of the GRDP per capita of the richest province to the poorest province equaled 21 to 25 in 1975 toward around 12 in 2000, even though on the post 2000 the provinces which were before 2000 under the national GDP per capita index (<100) declining and lesser. The provinces which have reached the points of convergence by the year of 2000 are Aceh, North Sumatera, West Sumatera, South Sumatera, East Java, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Bali. It is indicated that within the next 30 years the several other provinces which could reach the points of convergence are West Java, Central Java, DI Yogyakarta, West Kalimantan, Riau, Papua and East Kalimantan. However, the other several provinces which are not fully convergent in the meaning of almost consistently existing above the national GDP per capita (what so called the ‘surplus’ provinces), are Aceh, DKI Jakarta, and Bali. Moreover, on the other side, several provinces with GRDP per capita which consistently exist below the national GDP per capita (what so called the ‘minus’ provinces) with the downward sloping regression or with the gently upward sloping regression. Toward achieving points of economic convergence, those ‘minus’ provinces have to trigger their potential prime sectors, which have high economic multipliers.In generating their regional income, it is shown that almost all the provinces of Indonesia still rely on the primary sectors such as mineral and agriculture, with the consequences of low added value. It is expected that mineral and coal and its downstream industries could be able to support the ‘minus’ regions to converge to the national index. Augmenting the regional economic growth, the regions should develop the secondary and services industry which have high value-added multiplier to extend the across-regional trade as well as between the regions in the country with the neighbors’ regions through subregional economic cooperation. Methodology applied in this study is based on regional economic modeling and observation.

Solution of problems accumulated in Ukraine at the regional level requires introduction of new mechanisms of economic growth based on the effective use of resource potential, which promotes sustainable and balanced regional development and improves standards and quality of citizens’ life. In the opinion of domestic scientists, the category of “economic growth” is considered as sustainable, advanced development, reactivation of regional economy on the basis of intensive development and increase in gross regional product per capita. In a broad sense, “economic growth” is a constant increase in a well-being of citizens living in a country [1; 3]. The issue of low economic growth potential should be distinguished among many other economic issues of the region. Solution of this and other issues involves elaboration of various measures, both of economic, social and legislative nature. Such terms as “economic growth”, “economic development” and “resource potential” have become widespread in scientific research. According to the definition, the socio-economic content of “economic growth” category in the economic literature gives an idea of a relative change in the gross domestic product (GDP) for a certain period, as well as GDP per capita. Economic growth is a component of economic development. “Economic development” category means the transition from one stage of the economy to another, in which the new period insures not only increase in production of goods and provision of services that have already been produced/provided before, but also production of new goods and provision of services using new technologies in comparison with the previous period. “Resource potential” category includes a system of resources used in a complex way and involves the obligatory complementarity of specific resources in the process of social production (one increased resource in a system suggests simultaneous increase in another one). It consists not only of resources intended for consumption in a certain period, but also their insurance and other reserves. In addition, resource potential also determines the potential opportunity for their consumption in the process of social production. State regional policy on creation of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth requires taking into account specifics of sectoral and territorial structure of local business entities, developed institutional and legal environment, introduction of effective financial and investment leverage of economic activity stimulation, their systemic support at the level of local self-government, coordination of activities of all branches of public authority, determination of specific local capital accumulation conditions and functions of labour and employment market, as well as staffing of country’s economic sector. Sustainable social and economic development in the region is achieved through introduction of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth. These are organizational-managerial, financial-budgetary and investment, organizational-economic and information mechanisms, as well as mechanisms of infrastructure support, small and medium business stimulation, entrepreneurship activation, regional cooperation and stimulation of economic growth at the regional level. Modern market conditions promote the creation of mechanisms for stimulating economic growth at the regional level (including public-private partnership and cooperation), mechanisms for stimulating entrepreneurship and small and medium businesses, formation of cluster associations, etc. Mechanisms for stimulating economic growth involves creation of attractive investment climate in the region, generation and accumulation of financial resources (by using its own economic potential), advantage in solving socio-economic development issues, as well as innovative development of equipment, modern technologies and production organization. The main agents of implementing the stimulation of regional economic development are state and regional public authorities, regional and local representative government authorities, business entities, communities, non-governmental organizations, financial institutions, etc. Main methods affecting mechanisms for stimulating economic growth at the regional level are as follows: – Organizational methods (simplified procedure for establishing a business entity, simplified tax and statistical reporting, consulting and audit services, applied research, etc.); – Economic methods: a) of direct action (methods of subsidizing production development (creation of new jobs, corporate training and further education, certain areas of production diversification); b) of indirect action (methods of long-term lend lease, use of modern organizational forms of productive forces interaction; – Legal methods (special legally established regime of economic management in a certain territory, involving the use of certain privileges and preferences for a predetermined circle of participants or for a strictly defined territory, the conclusion of territorial agreements between strategy implementation participants, etc.). Further research areas are the development of methodological support for implementation of the strategy of forming economic growth mechanisms, among which organization of a controlled economic system, definition of region’s objectives, analysis of economic situation in the region and main trends of its development, forecasting (planning), regulation (different regulatory measures of direct and indirect order), control (provision of feedback) and others are of great importance.

This study aimed to investigate economic growth, regional economic pattern and structure of East Java Province. Other than that, this study also identified anddetermined superior sectors in East Java Province to give an illustration on which superior economic activities to be developed to improve the economic potential in East Java Province. Data employed in this study was secondary data in six years’ time series form 2010 until 2015 about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) for Indonesia, RGDP (Regional Gross Domestic Product) for East Java Province, total population in Indonesia, total population in East Java Province, the number of people living in poverty in Indonesia, and the number of people living in poverty in East Java Province. Data was obtained from Central Statistics Institution Indonesia, National Planning and Development Institution, Central Statistics Institution of East Java Province, and Regional Planning and Development Institution of East Java Province. Analysis tools used in this study included economic performance analysis, ShiftShare, Location Quotient (LQ), Growth Ratio Model (MRP) and Overlay analysis. The results of the study showed that: (1) economic performance index of East Java Province was quite good because during 2011-2015 the province got average economic performance index 0.847; (2) shift-share analysis showed that East Java Province economic showed an improvement during 2010-2015 by 340.769,50 billion rupiahs. Those economic performance improvements in East Java Province could be seen from the positive value of 16 (sixteen) economic activity sectors; (3) according to Location Quotient (LQ) analysis, there were five superior sectors in East Java Province, they were processing industry sector, water procurement sector, waste and recycle management sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, and information and communication sector; (4) Growth Ratio Model analysis showed that sectors which had dominants growth and big contribution were construction sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, transportation and warehousing sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, information and communication sector financial and insurance service sector, real estate sector, education service sector, health service and social activity sector; (5) Overlay analysis showed that potential economic sector in East Java Province included wholesale and retail, auto car andmotorcycle reparation sector, accommodation and foods providing sector, and information and communication sector; (6) weighing result according to Shift-Share Location Quotient (LQ), and Growth Ratio Model analysis were five sectors based on the highest rank of the most potential weighing result, they were accommodation and foods providing sector, processing industry sector, wholesale and retail, auto car and motorcycle reparation sector, information and communication sector, and construction sector.&#x0D; &#x0D; JEL Classification : P47, O47, C02, C02, C02, C02

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The implementation of regional autonomy resulted in each region to be able to manage their finances independently. This is one way the central government to remove the dependency of local governments to the central government. Thus requiring local governments to explore the sources of local revenue in order to finance regional development. In an effort to increase local revenues derived from the PAD is determined by economic factors or economic potential which has the prospect to be developed for each area. While the economic progress of a region heavily dependent on the development efforts undertaken by the government in providing public facilities to support economic activity. so it needs to be studied further economic growth in East Java, which increased from year to year, is also accompanied by an increase in revenue (PAD) as one source of income in financing regional development. The result indicates the role of the revenue (PAD) in the Regional Budget (APBD) of East Java Province indicates that there is still very small, with an average of 15.47% of the total revenue budget. This means that the level of dependence of local governments on the central government is still high. Although the results of regional revenue projections indicate that component has been great in their contribution of the reception area, which amounted to 69.52%. Using the ordinary least squre method, the result of regression correlation are insignificant. This means that the regional gross domestic product does not have an effect on revenue of East Java Province. If an increase or decrease in regional gross domestic product will not increase or decrease revenue amount. This means that there is no significant relationship between economic growths towards the reception of the revenue.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;economic growth, revenues (PAD), Regional Budget (APBD), Gross Domestic Product (GDP).&lt;/p&gt;

Economic growth is a parameter in achieving regional economic development, which describes an increase in the actual production capacity and the dynamics of the regional economy. This study aims to determine whether there is a yearly decrease in economic growth inequality (sigma convergence) or an acceleration of low economic growth to high economic growth (beta convergence) in East Java in 2016 – 2021. This study used secondary data. The analytical method used in this study is convergence and panel data regression analysis. The results showed that the dispersion of economic growth experienced a downward trend, indicating the occurrence of sigma convergence in East Java. Underdeveloped regions do not grow faster than developed regions, showing no absolute beta convergence in East Java. The HDI and Population Variables have not been able to accelerate convergence in East Java, indicating no conditional beta convergence in East Java.

The Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in the community has resulted in crises in several economic sectors. In the global economy, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a very significant impact on the domestic economy. This can be seen in East Java's economic growth, which only increased by 3.04% in the quarter I, far from the 5% average in the same period. This condition also has an impact on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSMEs) sector in East Java Province. In recent years, MSMEs growth in 2016-2019 has increased by 4.2% and the average contribution of MSMEs to East Java's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 50% within 3 years. For this reason, research is needed to explore and analyze the condition of MSMEs in East Java so that they can determine the decisions made by MSMEs business actors in East Java in maintaining their business during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this study, an analysis using the OODA loops approach was used as a benchmark. efforts or defense measures for MSMEs business actors in East Java. In collecting data, this study conducted an online survey of MSMEs in East Java to several business sectors using non-probability sampling. From the results of this survey, as many as 96% of business actors claimed to have experienced the negative impact of Covid-19 on their business processes. Then as many as 75% of them experienced the impact of a significant decline in sales and only 13% of business people believe they have a crisis management plan and find solutions to maintain their business. Therefore, it is recommended that every MSMEs business actor in East Java use the OODA loops concept as a problem solver in dealing with economic crisis principles due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The tourism sector is one of the economic sectors that has a characteristic and contributes to the GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) in East Java. East Java has a large tourism potential with a pattern of tourism development that can contribute to increasing East Java's economic growth. The role of the tourism sector in East Java can improve the national economy and contribute to the national GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of Indonesia. This study aims to determine the development of the tourism sector in East Java during 2016 to 2020 using the LQ (Location Quotient) method so as to produce the tourism sector in the basic or non-basic sector category. The data used is secondary data and this research is a quantitative research. The results of the calculation of LQ (Location Quotient) can help develop and build the tourism sector that is in the basic or non-basic category. Keywords: LQ, GDP, Tourism Sector, Development Economic, East Java

Sectoral economic growth affects the level of poverty in the area. High economic growth does not merely reduce poverty. Equitable distribution of income is also a matter that needs to be considered in line with increased economic growth. High economic growth is the process of accumulation of sectoral economic growth that has undergone a structural shift in its journey. Changes in economic structure are marked by a decrease in the contribution of the agricultural sector and an increase in the contribution of the industrial sector, both in gross domestic product (GDP) and in employment. Economic growth needs to be directed towards economic sectors that are effective in reducing poverty and creating equitable distribution of income. The purpose of this study is to answer the question of how the influence of sectoral economic growth on poverty in East Java. For this purpose the panel data regression model is used. The selection of variables is based on research objectives. Agriculture sector GRDP (VP), industrial sector GRDP (VI) and service sector GRDP (VJ) represent sectoral economic growth. The results of the test show an increase in the contribution of the industrial sector effectively reduces poverty. In other words, between the agriculture, industry and services sectors, only the industrial sector has positive and significant parameters for poverty in East Java.

The Optimal Public Expenditure in Developing Countries

Previous articleNext article No AccessMacro Policies, External Forces, and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan AfricaDhaneshwar GhuraDhaneshwar Ghura Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 43, Number 4Jul., 1995 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452185 Views: 48Total views on this site Citations: 31Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1995 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Fekadu Mekonnen Bedhiye, Lakhwinder Singh Fiscal policy and private investment in developing economies: Evidence from Ethiopia, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 4 (Jan 2022): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2021.1982664Roberta Bajrami, Adelina Gashi, Kosovare Ukshini, Donat Rexha Impact of the government size on economic growth in the Western Balkan countries, Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no.11 (Jan 2022): 55–63.https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i1art6JIUN-NAN PAN, MING-LEI CHANG POPULATION AGING, MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ASIAN ECONOMIES, The Singapore Economic Review 66, no.0606 (Apr 2019): 1577–1594.https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590818420092Sin-Yu Ho, Bernard Njindan Iyke The Determinants of Economic Growth in Ghana: New Empirical Evidence, Global Business Review 21, no.33 (Jul 2018): 626–644.https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918779282Temidayo Gabriel Apata Public spending mechanisms and gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the agricultural sector (1970–2016): Lessons for Nigeria from agricultural policy progressions in China, Bulletin of Geography. 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Economic Vulnerabilities and Livelihoods: Impact of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 in Fiji and Vanuatu

&lt;p&gt;Economic growth is a successfull benchmark of nation-building and plays a role in a nation’ welfare. Economic growth in districts/cities measured by gross regional domestic product at constant prices (GRDP constant prices). East Java is the second province after DKI Jakarta as the biggest contributor to the Indonesian economy in 2022 with economic growth rate values calculated by GRDP constant prices. However, East Java’s economic growth has gaps. As 23 of 38 districts/cities in East Java have economic growth values lower than national economic growth. Glaring gaps could be identified as an outlier and it could happen by many factors. This study aims to model economic growth and its factors with a robust analysis model against an outlier called robust geographically weighted regression-M estimation (RGWR-M). This study used secondary data from BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur and KEMENKEU’s SIKD data portal namely HDI, public health center, population density, economic activity, capital expenditure, and GRDP constant prices in East Java Province in 2022. The result showed that RGWR-M is the best model when an outlier is detected compared to OLS and GWR in analyzing factors that are suspected to affect economic growth in East Java Province in 2022 with MAD’s values. RGWR-M model produces six mapping groups of significantly influential variables and one group of uninfluential variables. The groups formed to have different parameter estimation results in each district/cities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;GRDP constant prices; outlier; RGWR-M&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Economic growth refers to the expansion of economic activities that enhance the production of goods and services, ultimately improving societal welfare. It serves as a crucial indicator for analyzing a country's economic development, typically measured by the change in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between consecutive years. Various indicators can assess Indonesia's economic condition, with national income being a significant metric supported by accurate GDP data, categorized into current and constant prices. Over time, developments have transformed the Indonesian economy, with electronic media becoming increasingly prevalent. The rise of electronic media has facilitated broader and more effective transactions through e-commerce. Identifying the impact of these transactions is essential to understand their relationship with economic growth, which is vital for enhancing the welfare of Indonesia's population. Additionally, the growth of internet users significantly influences the economy. As internet user numbers rise annually amid digitalization, the government is expected to promote wider internet access across the nation. The internet allows individuals to access vital information for business, education, and recreation, contributing to economic growth. Thus, this research analyzes the impact of e-commerce transaction value and internet users on Indonesia's economic growth from 2013 to 2023, using quantitative secondary data and multiple regression analysis.

East Java is the engine of Indonesia’s economic growth. Nevertheless, this region is still faced with the performance of industrial development, which has yet to increase consistently, thereby worsening efficiency and economic growth. As a result, this paper aims to investigate the causes and consequences of capital efficiency in the context of East Java. This paper produces three results by employing the 3SLS simultaneous equation estimation method. First, this paper demonstrates that industrial development in East Java improves efficiency. Second, improving the education level has a positive effect on capital efficiency. Lastly, an increase in capital inefficiency leads to a negative effect on economic growth in East Java. This study suggests three key policies for accelerating economic growth in East Java: providing incentives to industries that can increase capital efficiency, developing innovations to increase capital efficiency, and improving education quality to encourage increased human resource productivity.JEL Classification: D24, O14, O4How to Cite:Santoso, D. B., &amp; Suman, A. (2023). Determinant of Capital Efficiency and Its Impact on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence in East Java. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i1.29965.