Uncovering The Impact of COVID-19 Disruptions on StudentsMathematics Achievement: ‎A CART Analysis of Selected PISA 2022 Data

Protocol for a Systematic Review: Targeted School‐Based Interventions for Improving Reading and Mathematics for Students With or At‐Risk of Academic Difficulties in Grade 7 to 12: A Systematic Review

<p style="text-align: justify;">In all years of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in primary mathematics education, Finland ranked in the lower places (44-61) in the dispersion index (the difference in scores between the 95th percentile and the 5th percentile), while Israel ranked in the upper places (1-3) in the same index. In the last PISA test, Israel ranked first (among the 78 participating countries) in grade differences, while Finland ranked 61st. The score for dispersion in Israel is 356 points, the highest among the countries and economic entities of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Based on these results, this comparative study between Israel and Finland was conducted to investigate the most important sociological factor in the Pisa test that influences most student achievements in mathematics in Finland and Israel, as well as the reasons for the differences in achievement between mathematics scores. The results of this study show that the differences in achievement in Israel are due to students' socio-economic status and the sector. In contrast, Finland's first sociological factor influencing student performance is socio-economic status. Nevertheless, it has a more negligible influence than in Israel. The second factor is student motivation.</p>

Purpose: To determine whether racial disparities exist within socioeconomic classes in MRI utilization and imaging characteristics for PCa patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: An institutional database at the University of Pennsylvania identified 715 non-metastatic PCa patients treated with proton and/or intensity modulated radiotherapy from 2005-2013 with pre-treatment pelvic MRI (T2 weighted, diffusion weighted, and/or dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences, 91% with endorectal coil). MRI utilization for staging was compared in 1) high socioeconomic status (SES) vs. low SES (defined as geocoded census tract > 20% below the poverty level) Whites, 2) high SES vs. low SES Blacks, 3) Whites vs. Blacks within high SES, and 4) Whites vs. Blacks within low SES, overall and stratified by risk group, using Fishers exact test for categorical variables (p<0.05 significant). Results: In this cohort, 431 were identified as white (60%) and 236 as black (33%). 523 were classified as high SES (73%) and 191 as low SES (27%). Median age (67) or Gleason score did not differ significantly for Whites vs. Blacks or for high SES vs. low SES. Mean pre-RT PSA did, 7.8 ± 10.8 vs. 13.5 ± 20.2 (p<0.001) in Whites vs. Blacks and 8.1 ± 12.2 vs. 14.0 ± 19.3 (p<0.001) in high SES vs. low SES. Blacks were more likely to be low SES (69%) than Whites (5%), p<0.001. 546 (77%) of 715 total patients received baseline MRI, including High SES Whites (332/411; 81%), Low SES Whites (14/20; 70%), High SES Blacks (51/74; 69%), Low SES Blacks (108/162; 67%), other (non-white and non-black, all SES) (41/48; 85%). Within the low risk group, 190 (76%) of 250 total low risk patients received baseline MRI, including High SES Whites (138/161; 86%), Low SES Whites (5/7; 71%), High SES Blacks (18/28; 64%), Low SES Blacks (19/38; 50%), other (10/16; 63%). Overall, Blacks were less likely to receive staging MRI (67%) than Whites (80%) p<0.001. This disparity was entirely limited to the low risk group: Blacks (56%) vs. Whites (85%), p<0.001. Additionally, low SES were less likely to receive staging MRI (68%) than high SES (80%), p=0.001. When separating by race and SES, high SES Blacks were less likely to receive staging MRI (69%) than high SES Whites (81%), p=0.029, while Whites were no different: low SES (%) vs high SES (%) p>0.05. Within the low-risk group specifically, high SES Blacks were more likely to receive staging MRI (24%) than low SES Blacks (12%), p=0.02, while there was no difference in staging MRI utilization between high SES and low SES Whites in the low-risk group. Conclusions: In this urban, academic center cohort, Black PCa patients were significantly less likely to undergo staging MRI than Whites. Among patients with similar high SES, Blacks were still less likely to undergo staging MRI than Whites. Furthermore, while low SES patients were less likely to undergo staging MRI than high SES patients, this difference was driven entirely by the difference seen in Blacks because on subset analysis, there was no difference in low SES Whites compared to high SES Whites but there was a significant difference in low SES Blacks compared high SES Blacks, specifically in the low risk group. Further research should investigate these differences in MRI utilization, given the known disproportionate burden of prostate cancer morbidity and mortality in Blacks. Citation Format: Ayobami Ajayi, Christina Chapman, Stefan Both, Curtiland Deville. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in staging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization for prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radiotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C71.

The aims were (1) to investigate differences by ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in objective measures of sleep in children aged 7-9 years and (2) determine whether measures of sleep predict child achievement in reading or mathematics after controlling for ethnicity and SES. Four groups of parent-child dyads were recruited: Māori, low-SES schools (n = 18); Māori, high-SES schools (n = 17); New Zealand European, low-SES schools (n = 18); New Zealand European, high-SES schools (n = 17). Child sleep was measured by actigraphy. Parents and teachers reported child daytime sleepiness and behavior, and children completed a self-report of anxiety symptoms. Teachers also reported on child achievement in reading and mathematics. Children from low-SES schools went to bed later on school nights (F[1,68] = 12.150, P = .001) and woke later (F[1,68] = 15.978, P < .001) than children from high-SES schools but had similar sleep duration. There were no differences related to ethnicity. Children from low-SES schools were almost 3 times more likely to be below national standards for mathematics. Children not meeting academic standards in mathematics had a later sleep start time, lower sleep period efficiency, and a decreased total sleep time. However, when SES and sleep period efficiency were modeled together neither were found to significantly influence achievement in mathematics. In this study, SES influenced sleep timing but not the quality and quantity of sleep in 7- to 9-year-old children, and a significant independent effect of sleep efficiency on learning could not be demonstrated.

10547 Background: Disruptions of daily life activities during the CVOID-19 pandemic have adversely affected cancer-prevention behaviors. Socioeconomic status (SES) impacts on changes in cancer prevention behaviors have not been fully investigated. To tackle this gap, we examined the effects of SES on COVID-19 related changes in cancer prevention behaviors. Methods: We invited participants from previous studies conducted at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center who agreed to be re-contacted to participate in a survey assessing the impact of COVID-19 on various behaviors between June and November 2020. Participants reported current cancer prevention behaviors, including physical activity, daily fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use. In addition, participants reported qualitative changes in current behaviors relative to pre-COVID levels. We combined current behaviors with COVID-related changes to construct a 24-point cancer prevention score. Participants were classified into low, middle, or high SES based on household income, education, and employment status. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between SES and COVID-19 related changes in cancer prevention behaviors. Results: The study sample included 6136 eligible participants. The average age was 57 years, 67% were female, 89% were non-Hispanic White, and 33% lived in non-metro counties. The proportion of participants in the lowest cancer prevention behavior quartile decreased significantly with higher SES [low SES vs. high SES; 32% vs. 28%; P-value &lt;.001]. Relative to pre-COVID-19 levels, higher SES was significantly associated with increases in post-COVID-19 prevalence of more physical activity [low SES vs. high SES; 12% vs. 28%; P-value &lt;.001], higher fruit and vegetable intake [low SES vs. high SES; 12% vs. 14%; P-value &lt;.001], and more alcohol consumption [low SES vs. high SES; 15% vs. 22%; P-value &lt;.001]. Higher SES was associated with lower tobacco use prevalence [low SES vs. high SES; 5% vs. 2%; P-value &lt;.001]. Relative to the highest prevention score quartile, the adjusted odds of scoring in the lowest prevention score quartile were: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.55 (95% CI: 1.27 - 1.89) and aOR 1.40 (95% CI: 1.19 - 1.66), respectively higher for low and middle SES. Low SES was significantly associated with higher odds of less frequent physical activity (aOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.49 - 2.35) and less fruit and vegetable consumption (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.15 - 2.12). Middle SES relative to high SES was associated with lower odds of more alcohol consumption (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49 - 0.85) and higher odds of binge drinking (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.59). Conclusions: The adverse impacts of COVID-19 on cancer prevention behaviors were seen most in those with lower SES. Public health efforts are currently needed to promote cancer prevention behaviors, especially amongst lower SES adults.

INTRODUCTION: Lower socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We determined whether ZIP-code level-based SES indicator was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective study of OHSU births from 2009–2014 compared adverse pregnancy outcomes among women living in 88 Portland metro-area ZIP-codes stratified into 3 median household income groups: Low (below 10th percentile), medium (10th-90th percentile), and high (above 90th percentile) socioeconomic status (SES). Perinatal outcomes were compared by univariate analysis; multivariable logistical regression determined strength of association of low and high SES with adverse outcomes (medium SES=reference group), adjusting for significant variables. RESULTS: Of 8,118 deliveries included, 1,654 (20%) were in low SES, 5,856 (72%) were in medium SES, and 608 (8%) were in high SES. Women in low SES were more likely to be younger, have higher BMI and tobacco use, and have less private insurance. Lower SES was associated with higher rates of preeclampsia (PEC) (9.02% vs 7.48% vs 5.93%, P&lt;.028) and small for gestational age (SGA) (10.7% vs 9.34% v 6.61%, P&lt;.012), and lower birth weights (mean 3,280 g vs 3,340 g vs 3,592 g, P&lt;.001). High SES was associated with lower gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rates (10.8% vs 11.0% vs 7.58%, P&lt;.036), even after adjusting for confounders (aRR high SES 0.710, 95% CI 0.507–0.995). CONCLUSION: In the Portland metro-area, low SES is associated with higher rates of PEC and SGA. High SES is associated with lower rates of GDM. ZIP-code level SES indicator detects perinatal outcome differences and may be useful for identifying healthcare disparities.

BackgroundUnderstanding diet quality is relevant to identify those who would benefit from nutrition interventions and policies. An understanding of overview quality of the Mexican diet is missing so the objective is to create a Mexican Diet Quality Index (Mx‐DQI) and examine it by socioeconomic status (SES) among Mexican adults.Data/methodsDietary data was collected by 24‐hour recall in 3,173 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in the nationally representative Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. The Mx‐DQI was constructed based on the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which aligns well with Dietary Guidelines in Mexico. An adequacy category encompassed total fruit, whole fruit, total vegetables, greens and beans, whole grains, dairy, total protein foods, and seafood and plant proteins, whereas a moderation category included refined grains, fatty acids, sodium, and added sugars. Weights for each category followed the Health Eating Index model with updates for the new guidelines. The maximum total Mx‐DQI score was 100 points. Household assets were used to create three tertiles of socioeconomic status. Unadjusted means with standard errors were computed for both the total Mx‐DQI score and the individual Mx‐DQI component scores by SES. The continuous measure of the total Mx‐DQI score was then categorized into tertiles for evaluating variations in the diet quality score. Survey weights were applied to make results nationally representative.ResultsThe difference in total Mx‐DQI score was small but significant among SES groups (high SES=42.1 pts; medium SES=39.2 pts; low SES=40.1 pts, p&lt;0.01). Adults with high compared with medium and low SES had higher scores for total fruit (2.1 pts; 1.5 pts; 1.3 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01), whole fruit (2.5 pts; 1.9 pts; 1.7 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01), greens and beans (1.2 pts; 0.9 pts; 0.6 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01), dairy (3.9 pts; 3.0 pts; 2.1 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01), and refined grains (5.5 pts; 4.2 pts; 3.2 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01). Conversely, adults with low versus medium and high SES had higher scores for fatty acids (9.1 pts; 7.3 pts; 6.2 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01), and added sugars (5.6 pts; 4.1 pts; 4.0 pts, respectively, p&lt;0.01). To examine problem areas of diet more closely in each SES group, we looked at the group of individuals in the lowest Mx‐DQI score tertile. Medium SES compared with low and SES had the highest proportion of individuals with a poor score (37.7%; 34.3%; and 31.5%; respectively). The proportion of adults with poorer Mx‐DQI scores for total fruit, whole fruit, dairy, and refined grains was consistently lower in high versus medium and low SES, while the proportion of individuals with poorer Mx‐DQI scores for fatty acids and added sugars was consistently lower in low versus medium and high SES groups.ConclusionThere is a small but significant difference in total Mx‐DQI score by SES. However, differences in Mx‐DQI score distribution by SES are higher. The findings of this study provide an insight for targeting nutrition interventions and policies that can impact diet quality according to SES.Support or Funding InformationThis support comes primarily from the Bloomberg Philanthropies (grants to UNC and CINyS INSP), with support from the NIH R01DK108148, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 71698), and the Carolina Population Center and its NIH Center grant (P2C HD0550924).

High pulse wave velocity (PWV) and low socioeconomic status (SES) are each associated with increased risk of stroke, but clarification of the interplay between PWV, SES and the risk of stroke appears to be warranted to identify vulnerable populations at high risk of stroke. We conducted a prospective study that examined the independent and joint associations of PWV and SES with the risk of stroke in the general population. The current study included 2666 men aged 42-61 years, who were enrolled in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort. Estimated PWV (ePWV), a proxy of carotid-femoral PWV, was calculated from an equation based on age and mean blood pressure. SES was assessed using self-reported questionnaires and classified as tertiles, whereas ePWV was categorized as high (≥10m/s) and low (<10m/s). Individuals with high ePWV had a 48% higher risk of stroke after adjusting for confounding factors, whereas individuals with low SES had a similar 35% increased risk of stroke, compared with those high SES. Results of the joint associations of ePWV and SES with stroke showed high ePWV-high SES and high ePWV-low SES to be each associated with an increased risk of stroke: hazard ratios 1.53, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (1.12-2.08) and hazard ratio 1.63, 95% CI (1.21-2.20), respectively, but low ePWV-low SES was not associated with a heightened risk of stroke (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% CI 0.87-1.44) compared with the low ePWV-high SES group. ePWV and SES are each independently associated with stroke risk. The association between elevated ePWV and the heightened risk of stroke is regardless of low or high SES.

This work aims to study women's body itineraries, through the interviews of women from high and low socioeconomic status (SES) who live in Santiago de Chile. The project inquiries bodies’ itineraries as a set of nutrition, exercise, and aesthetics care actions as everyday practices. This concept allowed reflecting on the body as a continuous becoming, a movement or action, and not a fixed entity. The project had a qualitative research design. Data was collected using reflexive interviews. Participants were asked to describe a typical day using magazine images. Every interview started with the question: “If your body could talk with images, how would it tell its day?”. Four women were interviewed, two of high SES and two of low SES. The data analysis was conducted the reflexive thematic analysis guidelines. The results compared high and low SES bodies itineraries organized by type of practice. Women of high SES describe their nutrition practices in terms of body awareness; how food affects their bodies. Low SES women instead talk about their nutrition from a self-control perspective. These women describe their food intake as something that must be at all times regulated. For them, nutrition becomes a constant failure because they usually lack self-control. Women of high SES describe the exercise as a pleasant activity, it is related to wellbeing. The interviewed women from this group reported exercising regularly. Women of Low SES described their lack of exercising in terms of laziness. Women of low SES report makeup as a daily aesthetic care practice. Women describe that they start applying makeup at their house, continue in the subway or bus on the way to work, and finish at the workplace. Makeup doesn’t have a delimited space or place. Women of high SES describe aesthetic care practices in terms of skincare. They emphasize that good-looking skin and body image reflect a healthy body. A significant difference between low and high SES women is that the first consider aesthetic care practices as superficial, while for the latter is an inner state that reflects exteriorly. In general terms, women of high SES refer to body itineraries in terms of awareness. Women regularly refer to how the practices of nutrition, exercise, and aesthetic care affect their bodies. Women of low SES instead describe their body itineraries as control practices that regularly fail. They don’t report body sensations. The analysis shows that the description of nutrition, exercise, and aesthetic care have moral (good/bad) and affective dimensions (how a body shall be affected in these practices). Being a caregiver emerged as a relevant issue when accounting for body itineraries. Two of the four women we interviewed were mothers, one from each SES. Caregiving was significant in nutrition and exercise practices. Women with children tend to eat when and what their children are eating. Eating tends to be a practice distributed in the routine. For example, a woman had a sandwich with her son before school and then a coffee after dropping him at school. Likewise, exercise is in function to the children’s routine. For example, a woman walks fast from the school to her house. Being a caregiver structures time and, as an effect, it is very significant in body itineraries. Finally, in the discussion the analysis was compared with other data. The different practices of women of high and low SES derive into different outcomes. Women of low SES are more obese and sedentary than women from high SES. The notion of body itineraries is an integrative concept to study nutrition, exercise, and aesthetic care. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.9

ABSTRACTOpportunities for social mobility are generated by education systems designed to alleviate the effects of social origin by providing equality of opportunities and resources. The persistence of the strong association between socioeconomic status (SES) and child’s educational achievement and attainment suggests that social origin continues to play an integral role in the educational outcomes of successive generations of Australians. Sociologists draw on a range of theoretical perspectives to explain this association including Bourdieu’s cultural and social capital theories. Using data collected by the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth 2009 (LSAY09) project, I examine the associations between student SES, school SES and two outcome variables: Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) score and university enrolment. The results indicate that low SES students attending high SES schools perform better on PISA tests than low SES students attending low SES schools. After controlling for PISA score, low SES students were less likely than their high SES peers to enrol at university. Furthermore, students attending low SES schools were less likely than their peers attending high SES schools to enrol at university, net of their individual SES and their PISA scores.

Children are increasingly less active and thus are at increased risk for obesity and related diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify social, psychological and environmental determinants of 3–5th grade Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW), and high and low socioeconomic status (SES) children's physical activity. To predict children's physical activity levels we measured: 1) children's perceived athletic competence 2) parent prioritization of activity for themselves 3) parent ranking of the importance of physical activity 4) parent perceived family activity/recreation environment; and 5) parent physical activity. Physical activity was measured using uniaxial accelerometers in parents (51 non-Hispanic white, 48 Hispanic, 48 high SES and 51 low SES families) and their children over 7 days. Each predictor variable was explored for possible interaction between ethnicity and SES. Socioeconomic status had a greater influence on children's physical activity than ethnicity in this sample. Non-Hispanic white and high SES mothers scored higher on their perceived importance of family activity/recreation environment, prioritization of physical activity for themselves, and were more physically active than Hispanic and low SES mothers. High SES mothers had greater ranking of the importance of physical activity than low SES mothers. There was an interaction between SES and ethnicity across all mothers such that low SES Hispanic and high SES NHW mothers had greater prioritization of physical activity for themselves and total physical activity than high SES Hispanic and low SES NHW mothers. High SES mothers' valuation of physical activity was greater than low SES mothers. There were no differences in physical activity levels between Hispanic vs. NHW and high vs. low SES children, yet Hispanic and low SES children's BMIs were higher than NHW and high SES children's BMIs. There were no differences between Hispanic vs. NHW fathers' predictor variables nor did any of fathers' data relate to children's physical activity or perceived competence. High SES fathers had greater perceived family activity/recreation environment than low SES fathers. For all groups, children's physical activity was best predicted by children's perceived athletic competence and physical activity. These findings suggest that determinants of physical activity differ between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families of differing socioeconomic status. Supported by ACSM Fellowship Fund Grant

Cigarette smoking accounts for >30% of the socioeconomic gap in life expectancy. Flavored restrictions claim to promote equity; however, no previous studies have compared the effect of cigarette and e-cigarette flavor restrictions among individuals who smoke with lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES). In a between-group within-subject design, individuals with lower (n = 155) and higher (n = 125) SES completed hypothetical purchasing trials in the experimental tobacco marketplace (ETM). Conditions were presented in a 2 × 2 factorial design (cigarette flavors restricted or unrestricted and e-cigarette flavors restricted or unrestricted) with increasing cigarette prices across trials. Results show (1) SES differences in cigarette, e-cigarette, and NRT purchases under unrestricted policies, with lower SES showing higher cigarette demand and lower e-cigarette and NRT substitution than higher SES, (2) cigarette restrictions decreased cigarette and increased NRT purchases among lower SES, but no significant changes among higher SES, (3) decreased SES differences in cigarette demand under cigarette restrictions, but persistence under e-cigarette restrictions or their combination, (4) persistence of SES differences in e-cigarette purchases when all restrictions were enforced, and (5) waning of SES differences in NRT purchasing under all restrictions. Flavor restrictions differentially affected individuals based on SES. Within-group comparisons demonstrated restrictions significantly impacted lower SES, but not higher SES. Between-group comparisons showed SES differences in cigarette purchasing decreased under cigarette restrictions, but persisted under e-cigarette-restrictions or their combination. Additionally, SES differences in NRT substitution decreased under flavor restrictions. These findings highlight the utility of the ETM to investigate SES disparities. With increasing trends of socioeconomic differences in smoking prevalence and cessation rates, smoking-related health disparities are expected to continue to widen. Restricting menthol flavor in cigarettes while enhancing the availability and affordability of NRT have the potential to alleviate SES disparities in tobacco use, therefore, positively impacting health equity. However, this effect may depend on flavor availability in other tobacco products.

To explore the wider educational environment included in the dynamic model of educational effectiveness, this paper reexamines the association between student achievement and two national culture dimensions: Monumentalism-Flexibility and Collectivism-Individualism. Using Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 data of 317,127 students, 12,058 schools, and 41 countries, we evaluated three-level regression models controlling for students’ socioeconomic status, gender, and grade; school’s average socioeconomic status; and countries’ wealth. The results of the multilevel regressions show significant negative associations of the two culture dimensions with student achievement in mathematics, science, and reading. However, our models indicate that Monumentalism-Flexibility is a better predictor of student achievement in mathematics and science, and that there is variation in effect sizes across domains. Implications for educational effectiveness research are drawn.

Background Breast cancer survival is shown to be associated with socioeconomic status (SES), which is most pronounced in young patients. In this study, we investigated how consecutive recurrent events are associated with excess mortality according to SES in young breast cancer patients. Using detailed data on all recurrences that occur between date of diagnosis of the primary tumour and last observation, we provide a unique insight in the prognosis of young breast cancer patients according to SES. Methods All female patients &amp;lt;40 years with primary operated stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed in 2005 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Data on all recurrences within 10 years from primary tumour diagnosis were collected directly from patient files. We analysed recurrence patterns according to SES, and estimated 10-year absolute risks of recurrence, contralateral breast cancer and mortality using cause-specific cumulative incidence functions, accounting for competing risks. Relationships between SES, recurrence patterns and excess mortality were estimated using a multivariable joint model, wherein the association between recurrent events and excess mortality (expected mortality derived from the general population) was included. Results We included 525 patients. Patients of high SES were more often diagnosed with stage II breast cancer as compared to patients of low and medium SES, who more often had stage I. In addition, patients of high SES more often had well differentiated tumours and HR+/HER2- disease as compared to low and medium SES, who more often were diagnosed with moderately or poorly differentiated tumours, HR-/HER2+ and HR-/HER2- disease. Local, regional and distant recurrence risks were higher in patients with low SES, lowest in patients with high SES. Death (n=6) and contralateral breast cancer (n=14) as first events were rare. The percentage of patients who died following a recurrence was 19.1% in low SES, compared to 15.3% and 13.2% in medium and high SES. Patients of low SES had more consecutive recurrences as compared to patients of high SES. In addition, they had shorter time intervals between diagnosis and first recurrence, and between first recurrence and death. In the joint model, adjusting for confounding, high SES was significantly related to lower 10-year recurrence rates, compared to low SES. Over the 10-year period, a strong association between the recurrence process and excess mortality was found. Conclusion This study shows that high SES is associated with a lower risk of 10-year recurrence overall, and less subsequent recurrent events, and that the pattern of recurrence is largely associated with the risk of extra mortality. Patients of low SES show a faster disease progression as compared to patients of high SES. Patients in the low socioeconomic group more often have HER-/HER2- disease, which suggests that there may be other breast cancer risk factors that play a role. Differences in treatment of recurrences were not assessed in this study and should be subject for further research, in order to further reduce socioeconomic differences. Citation Format: Marissa Corine van Maaren. Socioeconomic status in young breast cancer patients is associated with inequalities in recurrence patterns: A population-based study in the Netherlands [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-12-10.

Using a recently developed statistical technique often referred to as classification and regression trees (CART), the author classified students into groups with differential rates of growth in mathematics achievement during middle and high school according to individual and family variables, and characterized students who grew fast and those who grew slow in mathematics achievement. Data analysis of the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY) showed that age (being younger in the same grade cohort) was critically important for fast growth in mathematics achievement. Whereas younger White and Asian students grew at the best rate in mathematics achievement, older White and Asian students with low family socioeconomic status (SES) grew at the worst rate. Hispanic, Black, and other students were sandwiched in-between. One in 3 socially disadvantaged students in the sample overcame the negative impacts of low family SES and large family size and progressed to the 2nd best rates in mathematics achievement; 1 in 7 socially advantaged students did not take advantage of high family SES and small family size. Boys and girls shared the fast end of growth in mathematics achievement; boys predominantly occupied the slow end of growth.