Um estudo metafórico do repertório terminológico da manifestação religiosa maranhense Tambor de Mina

The article deals with the cognitive mechanisms of using metaphor in veterinary terminology of English language. The material of the study was the terms-metaphors of the terminological field of "animal diseases". Based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, the main donor zones, which served as a source of metaphorical nominations for the designation of animal diseases, were identified within the field under study. The types of metaphorical transferences (structural, gestalt, diffuse) that exist in the terminological field "animal diseases" are characterized. The main categories of varieties of metaphorization of the studied terminological field are analyzed. It is concluded that the processes of metaphorization demonstrated extraordinary activity in terminology, being based on the use of signs of some subject spheres to refer to others. The Gestalt variety was dominant in the process. It was established that the donor zone HUMAN is the most productive one for making terms-metaphors to designate animal diseases since human consciousness is prone to percept an outer world in close association with personal experience of biological and social character. Productive to the English terms of the terminological field of "animal diseases" is the conceptual sphere ARTIFACT as a man-made object. Gestalt metaphorical variation based on the use of visual and auditory gestalt is relevant to this donor zone. For the formation of metaphor terms, the most typical one is visual gestures based on the external similarity of animal disease symptoms to man-made objects, or as a result of their associations with artifact coloring. In the terminological field "animal diseases", this group includes such names as coronavirus infection – "coronaviruses most commonly affect cattle, birds, cats, dogs and humans. The shape of the coronavirus is reminiscent of balls with large (about 20 nanometers) tentacle projections arranged in the form of a solar corona, for which they are called», pastous (from lat. Pastosus – doughlike ) – swollen, portals of infection – "place of penetration of pathogenic microbe in the body" drum belly –"excessive accumulation of gases in the intestine caused by increased fermentation processes and impairment of its motor-secretory function"), laky blood - «destruction of the stroma of erythra of oocytes with the excretion of hemoglobin. "

Objectives: to make a brief overview of the theories of metaphor and modern terminologytheories (Communicative theory of terminology, Socio-cognitive theory of terminology, Framebased theory of terminology); to identify metaphorization as a highly productive lexico-semanticway of forming terminology in dental and cranio-maxillofacial scientific discourse; to demonstrateEnglish/Bulgarian terminology development based on anthropomorphic metaphorical model“Person” and its sub-models: “Conditions”, “Body parts”, “Physical abilities”, “Society”, “Qualities”.Materials and research methods. Sixty (60) monosyllabic and compound metaphorical terms inEnglish and Bulgarian academic languages have been selected and discussed applying the methodsof definition analysis, conceptual integration, cognitive analysis, component analysis, metaphoricalmodelling. Discussion and results of the study. Theories of metaphor and terminology are consideredin the context of their contribution to the development of specialized medical language. By means ofmetaphorization (analogy, similarity, likeness, comparison) new terminological structures are formedin dental and cranio-maxillofacial terminology systems. The emphasis is on anthropomorphicmetaphorical model “Person” denoting various anatomical structures, diseases, syndromes,symptoms, surgical techniques. Conclusions. The following conclusions have been made: 1. Humansphere in its numerous manifestations — physical, moral and intellectual qualities, social activity,illness, death — is an “eternal theme” in the context of language historical development. 2. Due to itshigh terminological productivity the anthropomorphic metaphorical model “Person” expands andenriches the terminological resource of dental medicine and cranio-maxillofacial surgery; increasesmedical terminological competence and facilitates communication at a specialized level. 3. Term formation is a living contemporary trend subject to management by specialists and terminologywith regard to any further standardization of the international dental and cranio-maxillofacialterminology.

Aim: To define the characteristics of metaphorical terms used in English-language financial discourse and the specifics of their translations into the Russian and French languages.Methodology. The empirical base of the study is the analysis of publications in Russian, English and French printed and online media, the dictionary of financial and economic terms and the etymological dictionary. The author uses the descriptive, etymological, linguocognitive and comparative analyses, and the method of component analysis through analysis of dictionary definitions.Results. Comparative analysis allowed us to establish the peculiarities of the translation of English metaphorical terms into Russian and French, taking into account the semantic and cognitive mechanisms of metaphor formation. The frequency of using metaphorical statements and metaphorical terms in financial discourse for vivid and imaginative coverage of events and facts is noted. The conceptual scope of metaphorical terms was determined, their etymology was investigated, and variations of their translations from English into Russian and French were identified.Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study lies in defining a new approach to the study of metaphors on the example of financial discourse within the framework of English metaphorical terms and their translation into Russian and French. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the research results in the field of terminology, discourse studies, professional foreign language communication.

Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor

The issues of terminological measurement of cultural capital as an interdisciplinary phenomenon and aspects of such interaction are explored. The purpose of the study is to concretize the concept of cultural capital in the context of the terminological representation of this phenomenon, to identify the reasons for the diversity of definitions of the latter and ways to systematize approaches through theories of terminology; the influence of terminological activity on the growth (development) of cultural capital and its conversion into other types of capital (economic, social, symbolic, etc.). The authors indicate the structure of terminological activity, focusing on the specifics of the cultural factor for its implementation. It is demonstrated that identifying the cultural factor without taking into account the structure of terminological work is practically impossible, as well as the fact that culture manifests itself in this influence as a format such as capital. Terminology builds the following structure of its functioning by levels: linguistic, semantic, cognitive, communicative, sociocultural, etc. If a term is not represented at all designated basic levels, then it will not be fully used, and the cultural capital of its use will not be effective enough. It is proposed to systematize the variety of definitions of cultural capital through three directions: unification (standardization), pluralization (individualization), application as a separate case, which cannot be fit into the previous two directions. For each of the directions, the use of terminological theories is proposed: for unification - the general theory of terminology, for pluralization - the communicative theory of terminology, for a separate case - frame theory. The importance of the terminological dimension of cultural capital is so relevant that the authors propose to use the concept of “terminological capital”, on the one hand, as a component of cultural capital, on the other hand, as a way of growing cultural capital and a mechanism for converting it into other types of capital and vice versa. Using the example of the complex structure of terminological activity, the authors demonstrate that its use and implementation leads to the “doubling” of cultural worlds. If such growth of cultural worlds does not occur as a result of terminological activity, then such terminology is considered ineffective. Then it is not applied in principle, or waits for the moment when all other components of the latter are formed within the framework of the chosen culture and become terminological capital.

The article highlights the main theories of modern terminology (including the theory of sociocognitive terminology, the theory of frame analysis, communicative theory of “doors”), developed on the basis the principles of linguocognitivism. The theories discussed in the article provide a deeper understanding of the nature of the term, as they take into account the relationship between the prototype categorization implemented in the world view and the actualization of the term as a sign of a special concept in professional communication. At the same time, the specifics of the cognitive approach to the analysis of terminology gives an extended understanding of its functions, in particular the communicative function, and its place in human mental activity. It is noted that the theory of sociocognitive terminology applies sociolinguistic principles to the theory of terminology and takes into account terminological variations by determining variants of terms against the background of different contexts of their usage. According to the theory of frame analysis of terminology, it is argued that attempts to distinguish between terms and common words are no longer fruitful or even viable, and that the best way to research into special units of knowledge is to study their behavior in multidisciplinary texts. It is emphasized that the frame is the minimum unit exploited to characterize any object in the surrounding world. The study of frame-based terminology focuses: firstly, on conceptual organization; secondly, on the multidimensionality of terminological units; thirdly, on the extraction of semantic as well as certain syntactic information through multilingual corpora. In the study of frame-based terminology, conceptual networks are built on the main events of the subject area, which generates patterns for actions and processes occurring in this area, as well as objects involved in these actions and processes, and types of information of this industry. Keywords: cognitive approach; term; theory of sociocognitive terminology; theory of frame analysis of terms; communicative theory of terminology; prototype theory; domain; frame; specialized language.

With the development of the language service industry in China, the importance of translator-oriented terminology management has been realized by translator trainers. The chapter – based on typical examples from three well known translated versions of the magazine Scientific American – proposes that terminology translation should be replaced by a broader concept, terminology management, because the quality control of terminology translation involves the factors of computer-aided translation tools and project management processes in the modern language service industry. Based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), this chapter exemplifies how to identify terms in context and how to translate terms appropriately by analysing linguistic and pragmatic factors. For term recognition, the first identifying difficulty comes from the phenomenon of polysemy; it is suggested that this can be overcome by comparing the related concepts and referring to the context. The second difficulty is caused by terminologization, a linguistic process in which lexical units of general English become used as terms. The suggested method is to perform an analysis of context in term selection. This chapter argues that synonymous terms have textual, geographical, institutional and diachronic variants and that all of these variants can be studied in depth through the Communicative Theory of Terminology.

This paper aims to dwell on students’ perceptions and attitudes towards metaphoric terms and some approaches that contribute to the comprehension and acquisition of basic physics metaphoric terminology for 1st-year undergraduate engineering students. Physics English terminology comprehension and acquisition is of great importance when it comes to these students. Being the lingua franca of today, mastering the basic terminology of the respective field of interest in English is demanding for everyone who aspires to have a deep understanding of their field of interest and a prosperous career in the future. To have an effective input and output in the teaching/learning process a collaboration among professionals of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and ESP (English for Specific Purposes) is necessitated. Physics is fundamentally dependent on abstract notions that frequently lack tangible counterparts, such as in these metaphoric terms "tunneling effect" or "black hole". Concepts expressed through such metaphoric terms assist students to envision, conceive, and acquire the latter, but can also hinder their understanding of concepts. To conduct this research, a semi–structured questionnaire was handed to 100 students of Polytechnic University of Tirana to investigate their beliefs towards these terms and to determine different approaches that will contribute to their understanding of the above-mentioned terms. The results concluded that students face challenges in comprehending a metaphoric unknown term. Nevertheless, the results indicated that the most used and preferred approaches to learning these terms are related to the professor’s assistance with explanation, analogy with everyday experiences, and visual aids, videos mainly. This study highlights the importance of collaboration between STEM and ESP in combining the linguistic-semantic nature of terms and their practical application in the function of students’ terminology acquisition.

In the last few decades, the study of terminology has undergone a cognitive shift that has led to the development of several approaches that study the social, linguistic, and cognitive dimension of terms, such as Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT) and Frame-Based Terminology (FBT). CTT was developed in the early 1990s and argues that the study of terminology should be based on a communicative perspective, taking into account aspects such as the communicators and the context of communication. FBT has been developed from 2007 and uses certain aspects of Frame Semantics to conceptualise specialised domains and create non-language-specific representations through the analysis of the domain event and on the study of the behaviour of the terminological units in texts. The two theories share many of the same premises and propose the representation of the concepts of a domain in an ontology. FBT also proposes a representation in frames. We explore how these two methods of domain representation can be used to represent the terminology of the domain of seafood in Germany and Spain.

The conceptual metaphor, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, has been identified as a process of mapping based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). However, Ahrens (2002) pointed out several problems that the CMT may encounter, especially in setting parameters to be experimentally tested. Ahrens (2002) proposed the Conceptual Mapping Model (CMM) to investigate metaphor expressions by identifying three mappings between the source domain and the target domain: entities, qualities, and functions. After an analysis, the reason for these mappings, called a mapping principle, is indicated. In particular, the CMM can predict the processing of conceptual metaphors in terms of conventional and novel metaphors. This study is intended to test whether the CMM can perform well across languages through the experimental rates of acceptability and interpretability for different types of metaphors. Fifty Vietnamese native speakers were recruited. Each participant judged (on a Likert scale of 1-7) the levels of acceptability and interpretability of three conceptual metaphors in Vietnamese: LIFE IS A BOOK, HAPPINESS IS LIGHT, and LOVE IS FIRE. Each conceptual metaphor consists of six types of sentences, including (a) Literal pair to B, (b) Conventional metaphor, (c) Literal pair to D, (d) Novel metaphor that follows the mapping principle, (e) Literal pair to F, and (f) Novel metaphor that does not follow the mapping principle. The results of t-tests show that in terms of both acceptability and interpretability, conventional metaphors are ranked higher than novel metaphors. The results also indicate that novel metaphors that follow the mapping principle are rated higher than those that do not. Therefore, the mapping principle can constrain the image schemas so that any image that does not belong to the schemas can affect the processing of metaphors.

تعادل زیباییشناختی در ترجمۀ رباعیات خیام با استفاده از نظریات زیباییشناسی دریافت و استعارۀ شناختی

This study explores the historical and conceptual evolution of the term neutral in scientific discourse and its implications for science education. Widely used in Physics and Chemistry, the term neutral presents multiple meanings that vary across disciplinary contexts and historical periods, such as uncharged particles, solutions with pH 7, or the grounding wire in electrical circuits. Drawing from the Communicative Theory of Terminology and diachronic approaches, the study examines how the term has shifted from philosophical and political origins to highly specialized technical usage. It also highlights how this polysemy may generate conceptual confusion among students, especially when textbooks and educational materials fail to clarify the contextual meaning. As a segment of a doctoral research project currently under development at the Federal University of São Carlos, this work advocates for a deeper integration of historical and terminological perspectives into science education. By acknowledging the semantic drift of scientific terms, educators can better support students in constructing accurate and meaningful understandings of scientific concepts.

Collocations have a great potencial to the understanding of meanings, senses and concepts of words or terms they compound. In this article, we studied the collocations of the terms “segurança” in Portuguese, and “safety” and “security” in English, in aviation language. Our aims were to search for a better understanding of the studied conceptual units, and to offer a discussion about the role of collocations in Terminology. We built two comparable corpora, one with Portuguese texts from the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency and the Brazilian Air Force, and another one with English texts from the International Civil Aviation Organization. We focused on the main collocations of the three terms in Portuguese and in English. The theoretical frame we adopted was the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999) and we used the techniques of Corpus Linguistics (TAGNIN, 2010, 2013; BERBER SARDINHA, 2000) to design our methodology, assisted by the software WordSmith Tools, version 6.0. (SCOTT, 2012). We found noun and adjective collocations. The study is addressed to professionals, teachers and tranlators who make use of aviation language. KEY-WORDS: Terms of Aviation; Terminology; Corpus Linguistics; Collocations.

This paper studied the pictorial metaphors in typhoon forecast charts announced by the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan. Our analysis was based on the theory of conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending. The instruments included a self-development questionnaire “The Pictorial Metaphors Test of Typhoon Forecast Charts” and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaires were distributed to thirty 3 pupils in Taiwan. Six of them for interviewed. The conclusions show that metaphors may affect pupils’ comprehension of typhoon forecasts charts. We argued that typhoon forecast charts were meaningful, coherent, and helpful to scientific thinking. However, typhoon forecast charts might also result in misconceptions and negative effects. Implications are provided for the instruction to promote pupils’ meteorological literacy and placed importance on the critical role of metaphors in comprehension of science-related typhoon forecast charts. Background and Purpose An average of six to seven typhoons per year influenced Taiwan in summer or autumn . Three or four of them hit Taiwan area directly (http://www.cwb.gov.tw/). Sometime, these strong typhoons might destroy Taiwanese property and life. For example, the 2009 Moral typhoon caused Taiwan 673 departure and 26 missing. For this reason, even elementary pupils should be able to understand the typhoon forecast warning and make preparations to defense the typhoon with their parents. Some studies have argued students' alternative conceptions of weather, and especially the text of weather were concerned (Dove, 1998; Henriques, 2002; Spiropoulou, Kostopoulos, & Jacovides, 1999; Stepans & Kuehn, 1985). But few studies explored the alternative conception of pictorial symbol on typhoon forecast charts. Therefore the main findings of this paper will portray the meaningful implications to enhance pupils’ understanding of meteorological concepts.

There are many ways to approach and analyze juridical terminology. Every approach is useful, even though for a great number of linguists juridical vocabulary is not really considered as a terminology. The first part of this paper is devoted to the presentation of the state of art in the field under scrutiny, including traditional approaches (savant language, technical language, pure language, ‘general’ theory of terminology) and more recent approaches (socioterminology, text mining terminology, communicative theory of terminology, frame terminology, sociocognitive approach, pragmaterminological approach). The second part explains how the philosophy of language can shed some light on juridical terminology. For this branch of human sciences, legal words and groups of words are lexical units used in legal discourses. Thus, relevant analysis perspectives include enunciation, reference, extension, predication and speech acts.