Abstract
Vegetable sources and agro-industrial residues represent an important source of phenolic compounds that are useful in a wide range of applications, especially those with biological activities. Conventional techniques of phytochemical extraction have been associated with a high consumption of organic solvents that limits the application of bioactive extracts, leading to the implementation of novel extraction technologies using mechanisms such as Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). In the present review, an analysis of the involved variables in the extraction yield of phenolic compounds through UAE is presented, highlighting the advantages of this technology based on the results obtained in various optimized studies. A comparison with other technologies and a proposal of its possible application for agro industrial residues as raw material of phenolic compounds is also indicated. Finally, it is concluded that UAE is a technology that is placed within the area of Sustainable Chemistry since it promotes the use of renewable raw materials through the extraction of phenolic compounds, implementing the substitution of organic solvents with solvents that do not present toxic effects, lowering the energy consumption when compared to conventional methods and minimizing process times and temperatures, which is useful for the extraction of thermo-labile compounds.
Highlights
Extraction of bioactive compounds could be defined as a separation procedure employed for the recovery and purification of plant materials, rendering them useful in a wide range of applications [1]
Drosou et al [32], who evaluated the effect of Air Drying (AD) and Accelerated Solar Drying (ASS) in obtaining phenolic compounds by Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) from Agiorgitiko grapes, malvidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin, indicated a higher extraction yield using AD, which is attributed to the decrease of the mass transfer coefficient during the UAE in ASS treatment caused by the hardening-phenomenon
Ledesma-escobar et al [59] indicate that UAE presented a higher recovery percentage of phenolic compounds from lemon when compared to the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), for neosperidin (16%) and eriodictiol (13%)
Summary
Extraction of bioactive compounds could be defined as a separation procedure employed for the recovery and purification of plant materials, rendering them useful in a wide range of applications [1]. Conventional techniques of phytochemical extraction with biological activities include maceration and Soxhlet extraction; these methods have been associated with a high consumption of organic solvents that limits the application of bioactive extracts due to solvent toxicity [2]. Long time extraction is required, which involves high energetic consumption causing an incremental cost [2]. The implementation of novel extraction technologies, using different mechanisms such as Ultrasound, Microwave energy, Supercritical fluids and Accelerated solvent extraction has been promoted [3]; the main objective of these methods is to reduce extraction time and energy consumption which is reflected in the lowering of the final cost.
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