Abstract
The present study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) on the extraction of phenolic compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco, on the antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase (Tyr) inhibitory capacities. Ten different NADES were used in this research and compared with conventional solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 60 min proved to be the best extraction condition, and proline:lactic acid (1:1) and choline chloride:urea (1:2) extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents (56.00 ± 0.77 mgGAE/gdw) and antioxidant activity [64.35 ± 1.74 mgTE/gdw and 72.13 ± 0.97 mgTE/gdw in 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, respectively]. These extracts also exhibited enzymes inhibitory capacity particularly against Tyr and AChE. Even so, organic acid-based NADES showed to be the best extractants producing extracts with considerable ability to inhibit enzymes. Twenty-four phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-HRMS, being rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid and salvianolic acid B the major compounds. The results confirmed that the combination of UAE and NADES provide an excellent alternative to organic solvents for sustainable and green extraction, and have huge potential for use in industrial applications involving the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants.
Highlights
IntroductionLavandula is considered one of the most important genera in the vast vegetation cover of Mediterranean region
In order to compare the efficiency of Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to maceration, the extractions were performed with control of temperature and using the same solvents
In this study an environmentally friendly, economic, and efficient approach based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in combination with UAE was applied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica
Summary
Lavandula is considered one of the most important genera in the vast vegetation cover of Mediterranean region. This genus belongs to the Lamiaceae family and comprises 39 species, many hybrids and nearly 400 cultivars [1,2]. Many of these plants have been cultivated in different regions, like Europe, North and South America, India, South West. Lavandula species have an interesting economic value as ornamentals and in several industry branches, like pharmaceutical, food, aromatherapy, perfumery and cosmetics, due to its essential oils [2,3]. In Portuguese folk medicine, some diseases (i.e., bronchitis, cough, anxiety, insomnia and anorexia) are treated with the consume of infusions prepared from flowered aerial parts of these plants [3,4]
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