Abstract
In small to mid-size streams, forested riparian zones can moderate water temperature, provide important sources of organic matter (Ieaf litter, woods, and tree roots), and strongly influence the growth of algae, mosses and macrophytes by the degree of canopy cover. Furthermore they reduce inputs of nu trients, other chemical substances, and sediments from agricultural uplands and stabilize stream banks. Therefore, the riparian forests are very important for the energy budget, the habitat complexity and the macroinvertebrate community of a stream system. The urban development and the intensive management of agriculturallands during the last forty years has led to losses or reductions of riparian forest zones. The consequences of these human activities for the aquatic communities require restoration and protection measures for the residual riparian strips. non-point pollution, primary production, restoration and management of riparian zones, riparian forests, water temperature
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