U.S. Spanish-Language Television Management during the Industry’s First 50 Years

The popularity of Spanish-language television in the United States has been increasing rapidly, yet little is known about the images viewers are likely to encounter when exposed to this content. As such, the present study investigates the representation of men and women in the 2004 prime-time, Spanish-language television season. Social identity theory provides a framework for understanding the potential influence of exposure to these depictions. Most notably, wealthy women were characterized as the slimmest, most provocatively dressed, and most submissive characters on Spanish-language television, whereas wealthy men were the heaviest, most conservatively dressed, and most dominant figures in prime time.

SUMMARY Growth rates of migrating and non‐migrating populations of two strains of freshwater cryptophytes, CCAP 979/67 and 979/62, under different light and nutrient regimes were calculated from experiments conducted in laboratory columns which were thermally stratified. During the experiments, cellular carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate and protein were also analysed. The intention was that the populations would become either phosphorus‐ or nitrogen‐depleted following a period of growth. In all experiments, populations of cryptophytes grew but growth appeared of short duration. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with Cryptomonas 979/67, there was a period of rapid growth starting on day 2 and finishing on day 8, during which the estimated growth rate was c. 0.9 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, the period of rapid growth of C. 979/67 lasted only for 2–3 days with a growth rate of c. 0.85 div. day‐1. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with C. 979/62, the onset of a period of rapid growth coincided with the commencement of diel vertical migration. The highest growth rate was estimated as c. 1.0 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, C. 979/62 did not migrate and attained a growth rate of only 0.28 div. day‐1. For C. 979/67 the highest observed growth rate was lower than the maximum potential growth rate of 1.38 div. day‐1 estimated in batch culture. For C. 979/62 the maximum growth rate in the column was similar to the maximum potential growth rate of 0.87 div. day‐1 in batch culture experiments. The results suggest that some migrating cryptophytes under favourable conditions in stratified water columns can attain high growth rates supporting the hypothesis of Raven & Richardson (1984) that, based on cost‐benefit analysis, diel vertical migrations could increase the growth rate of flagellates. Such growth appears of short duration and its ecological importance still requires further verification.

ObjectivesTo examine whether during a period of limited e-cigarette regulation and rapid growth in their use, smoking began to become renormalised among young people.DesignInterrupted time-series analysis of repeated cross-sectional time-series...

During the last 3 days of fetal development in the rodent, a burst of hepatocyte proliferation results in a tripling of liver size. Despite stimulation of mitogenesis via multiple signaling pathways, including some that are considered stress response pathways, little apoptosis accompanies this cell growth. Given the accepted role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in preventing hepatocellular apoptosis during proliferation in mid-development, we predicted that NF-kappaB would be functional during the period of rapid growth during late gestation in the rat. NF-kappaB binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assays was low in embryonic day (E) 19 liver nuclear extracts relative to adult liver nuclear extracts. An additional band that was present in E19 liver was purified and identified as nucleolin. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) administration to E19 embryos in utero produced minimal induction of NF-kappaB p50 homodimers and p50/p65 heterodimers, yet baseline apoptosis was not affected. Although p65 was present in E19 hepatocyte cytoplasm in amounts comparable to adult liver, we observed little translocation of p65 to the liver nuclei following TNF-alpha administration. Additionally, expression of several NF-kappaB-responsive genes remained minimally induced in E19 liver following TNF-alpha treatment. In conclusion, although the NF-kappaB components are present in late-gestation fetal liver, NF-kappaB as a transcription factor is relatively inactive and unresponsive to TNF-alpha. Given this finding and the high level of proliferation in late-gestation fetal liver, we predict that alternative antiapoptotic mechanisms are active during this period of rapid hepatic growth.

Neonatal ontogeny and neurotoxic effect of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) on levels of synaptophysin and tau

The tracheal epithelium of infant ferrets undergoes rapid postnatal maturation over the first month of life to achieve the pseudostratified columnar configuration characteristic of the large airways of other mammals. We have used in vivo pulsing with tritiated thymidine ((3)HT) to elicit autoradiographic labeling of cells synthesizing nucleic acids in order to characterize more fully the contribution to development of different cell types comprising the nascent epithelial layer during this period of rapid growth. These studies indicate that two distinct populations of epithelial cells possess proliferative potential and contribute to the establishment of the mature adult epithelial layer. These investigations further confirm the mitotic potential of basal cells during a period of rapid postnatal growth and development of the tracheal epithelial layer. These studies also document the contribution to early airway development by non-ciliated cells, which predominate on the luminal border of the ferret trachea at birth. The temporal and histologic patterns of airway epithelial maturation during post-natal life in the ferret as contained in this study exhibit similarities to those which occur with recovery from injury by infection and irritant exposure in mature airways. Thus, the characterization of epithelial cell compartments having proliferative potential may provide insights into the mechanisms whereby normal airway epithelial organization is established and maintained during development as well as the possible recapitulation of these mechanisms during times of epithelial regeneration following injury.

Développement du fruit de <i>Prunus virginiana</i> (Rosaceae)

This article presents an integrated socio-ecological perspective on the changing interrelations between Vienna’s “urban metabolism” and the river Danube during the industrial transformation in the nineteenth century. During this period of rapid urban population growth and industrial development, the amount of materials and energy used in the city as well as the corresponding outflows of wastes and emissions, that is, the size of urban metabolism, multiplied. These changes in urban metabolism had a profound effect on the relation between city and river. The paper explores the changing role of the Danube and its waterscape for urban supply and urban discharge in the period from 1800 to 1910. It presents quantitative information on urban resource supply and river transport and discusses the changing function of the river as a major transport route. It investigates urban discharge of waste water and the evolution of a sewer system and discusses how the changing waterscape was reflected in perception and discourse. We find that there was a qualitative change in the transport function of the river. While the river lost importance in the provision of the city with energy it remained crucial for the supply of cereals. Furthermore we observe a general shift from the significance of the river in supplying the city towards the river’s function for the disposal of waste.

گسترش رقابت همراه با تحولات وسیع در عرصه تجارت و بانکداری، بسیاری از روش‌های سنتی را متحول ساخته و فضای رقابت را در بکارگیری فن‌آوری‌های نو حاکم نموده است. نظام بانکی نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نبوده و با پیدایش مفاهیم نوین در بانکداری، شیوه ارائه خدمات به مشتریان در اقصی نقاط جهان دچار تحول شده است. با توجه به شیوه‌های سنتی موجود در بانک‌های کشور و نارسایی این روش‌ها در ارائه خدمات جدید، ضرورت انجام این تحقیق با محوریت شناسایی موانع و راهکارهای توسعه بانکداری الکترونیک در کشور در چارچوب سند چشم‌انداز بیست ساله احساس گردید. این مقاله به دنبال شناسایی عمده‌ترین دلایل و موانع توسعه بانکداری الکترونیکی در کشور است و به همین منظور پس از نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای متناسب، فرایند تحقیق اجرا گردید. عمده موانع شناسایی شده بنابر ادبیات موجود، موانع فرهنگی– اجتماعی، موانع مدیریتی، موانع مالی و موانع فنی– فن‌آورانه هستند که با انجام فرایند تحقیق فرضیه نخست مبنی بر وجود موانع فرهنگی – اجتماعی و فرضیه دوم مبنی بر وجود موانع مدیریتی در راه توسعه بانکداری الکترونیکی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. ضمن آن که فرضیه سوم این تحقیق مبنی بر وجود موانع مالی و همچنین فرضیه چهارم این تحقیق مبنی بر وجود موانع فنی- فن‌آورانه در راه توسعه بانکداری الکترونیکی در کشور مورد تایید قرار نگرفت.

Urbanisation and urban growth area of central concerns to urban planners. The process of urbanisation in Malaysia has been accompanied by rural-urban migration, but the scale of such movement is near those which have been reported for places such as Jakarta in Indonesia. Looking at the Malaysian towns, it is true that without urban planning and development control, urban living as appeared today would be impossible. Rapid urban growth in Malaysia is a phenomenon which often coincides with rapid industrialisation. Periods of rapid economic growth have been concurrent with periods of rapid urban growth. Problems encountered in Malaysian cities have been partly related to the need for restructuring. Efforts to solve the problems are being made through administrative, political and fiscal measures. The need for environmental planning and an integrated approach of planning as a whole is fully realised by the authorities.

The anatomy of reproductive structures of cultivated grapes is summarized from selected literature. The inflorescence is initiated in the year prior to flowering. It is a much-branched cluster, each branch ending in a terminal flower. Hermaphroditic flowers have 5 partly fused sepals, 5 petals united at the top, 5 stamens, and a 2-loculed pistil with a short style and a stigma. Some cultivars and species are characterized by flowers functionally male or female, intermediate or sterile. Meiosis in pollen mother cells produces 4 reduced nuclei which become separated by simultaneous formation of walls. Pollen is shed from the anthers in a 2-nucleate condition. Nonfunctional pollen can result from failure of meiosis or of the first mitotic division, respectively as in certain hybrids or in female cultivars. The ovule is anatropous and has 2 integuments and a massive nucellus. The single megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce a linear tetrad of 4 megaspores. From the chalazal spore an embryo sac of the Polygonum type is formed. The development of an embryo sac may be arrested in some or all of the ovules either before or after meiosis, as occurs in varying degrees in seeded or parthenocarpic cultivars, male flowers, or nonfunctional female flowers. After fertilization the pattern of cell division follows that of the Geum variation of the Asterad type. Endosperm forms according to the Helobial type and becomes ruminate. The inner layer of the outer integument of the seed is sclerenchymatous and becomes hard in the mature seed. Certain cultivars are characterized by so-called seedless berries. In some of these cultivars development of embryo and endosperm is arrested at various stages, resulting in stenospermic (soft) or empty (hard) seeds. In other seedless cultivars fertilization does not occur; their berries are parthenocarpic. Seeded berries generally show three periods of growth. Most of the cell division in the berry and most of the development of the seed occur in the first period of rapid growth. This is followed by a period of slow growth, which varies in duration. Cell enlargment characterizes the last period of rapid enlargement of the berry. The mature berry is parenchymatous with complicated vascularization. "Seedless" (stenospermocarpic or parthenocarpic berries generally show less distinctive growth periods than do seeded berries.

Spanish-language television: cultural and industrial transformations

The purpose of this intrinsic qualitative study was to examine and understand how leaders at a startup biotechnology organization successfully established a positive culture and high organizational performance during a period of rapid growth and transition. In order to achieve this, two research questions were established as the underpinning for this investigation: a) How did leaders at a startup biotechnology organization successfully create and sustain a positive organizational culture during a period of rapid growth? and b) How did leaders at a startup biotechnology organization connect their culture to their organizational performance? Data included nine semi-structured, in-depth open-ended question interviews, one off-site focus group that included seven CAP Pharmaceuticals Emerging Leader Program members, eight field observations, field notes, and private and public CAP documents. The data was collected and analyzed by employing general inductive analysis, constant comparison, and multiple data coding strategies. The demographics of the study participants represented a diverse group of CAP leaders and emerging leaders, divided evenly across gender and positions within the study site. Additional selection criteria included full-time employment at CAP, holding a leadership role, and contributing to development of CAP's company culture. Findings revealed that throughout the data collection process, CAP leaders used the term 'people' when referring to their employees. Because the term 'people' conveys a more equal relationship than 'employees,' this finding conveys an aspect of CAP culture that was not initially considered. Other times during the interviews, employees were referred to as "family". After analysis of the data, two main themes emerged in relation to each research question. The themes aligning with each research question focused on the steps the leaders took in creating and sustaining a positive organizational culture during a period of rapid growth. For the second research question, the emerging themes of maximizing employee potential and the importance of communication in order to connect their culture to their organizational performance were observed. From these findings, three cohesive conclusions were drawn: (a) CAP leaders believed that building multi-leveled trust was a key to creation of positive culture, (b) A positive culture enabled risk taking and learning from mistakes important for innovation, and (c) CAP leaders were flexible enough to make changes in response to employee feedback and concerns. The focus on positive culture included the idea of making intentional decisions, developing and encouraging trust, and listening to people. CAP leaders learned that being flexible and nimble in response to organizational challenges, as well as in response to employee feedback, could be embraced and utilized as an organizational strength.--Author's abstract

The production of double-yolked eggs and the duration of the rapid growth phase of yolks were measured in parental lines of White Plymouth Rock pullets and their crosses over 30 d, commencing with the day of first egg. Significant differences were found between mating combinations in the incidence of multiple-yolked eggs, but not in the period of rapid yolk growth. Heterosis and recombination effects for multiple ovulation were respectively -9% and -66% of the mean, while the corresponding values for the period required for rapid yolk growth were -1% and -5%. Three double-yolked eggs were observed containing yolks which differed by 3 d in their periods of rapid growth. Hypotheses are were presented for the origin of double-yolked eggs.

The knee and ankle are two of the most often injured joints in basketball, which is regarded as a sport with a high injury rate. A common growth-related knee ailment in teenagers, Osgood-Schlatter syndrome is linked to periods of rapid physical growth and repetitive sports loads. A retrospective questionnaire regarding knee injuries, training frequency, growth phases, and any instances of Osgood-Schlatter syndrome was filled out by 73 young basketball players, aged 14 to 20, who were included in the study. Among the basketball players, we discovered that 43.8% had suffered a knee injury at some time throughout their careers. Acute injuries accounted for 56.2% of these, whereas chronic injuries accounted for 43.8%. The percentage of athletes who had an Osgood-Schlatter syndrome diagnosis was 9.6%. The rate rose to 17.8% when people who reported symptoms compatible with the illness but were not officially diagnosed were included. The majority of injuries happened during the period of rapid growth. The findings suggest that detecting and treating these injuries of young basketball players requires a more customised and expert approach.