Typology Visual Guidelines for Transit-Oriented Development 3-D Incentive Zoning in East Asian Metropolitan Cities—A Case Study of Shanghai Subway-Adjacent Plots

Padang City as a big city with a population approaching one million people has to address the issue of increased activities of the population and increased need for land and space for those activities. One of the effects of population growth and the development of activities in Padang is the decreasing number of open spaces for the outdoor public activities, both the natural and artificial public. However, Padang City has several open spaces that are built and managed by the government including 40 units of open spaces in the form of plansum parks, playgrounds, and sports parks, with a total area of 10.88 hectares. Despite their status as public open spaces, not all of them can be used and enjoyed by the public since most of them are passive parks, in which they are made only as a garden without any indulgences. This study was performed to assess the quality of public spaces in the central business of Padang City, namely Imam Bonjol Park (Taman Imam Bonjol). The methods of this study were done through several stages, which were to identify the typology of function space based on [1] Carmona (2008) and to assess the space utilization index based on the approach of Public Space Index according to Mehta [2] (2007). The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of space which is a public space in Padang City. The space quality was measured based on the variables in Good Public Space Index, the intensity of use, the intensity of social activity, the duration of activity, the variations in usage, and the diversity of use. The rate of the index of public space quality at Taman Imam Bonjol was determined by assessing 5 (five) variables of space quality. Based on the results of the analysis, public space utilization index was equal to 0.696. This result could be used to determine the quality of public space, in this case was Imam Bonjol Park was in Medium category. The parameters indicated several results including the lack of diversity in users’ activity time, less formation of social interaction between users, and the relatively short average of visitors’ duration in exploiting public space.

Since there is no clear definition, configuration norms and quantization standards of the urban public open space in national standards and norms of urban planning at present, this paper analyzes the role and significance of public open space, gives its definition and elements, proposes some principles for urban planning and design, raises an evaluation index system of overall quality of urban public open space by learning from the foreign experience and referring to domestic cities, and build a model and evaluation criteria for the comprehensive evaluation of overall quality of urban public open space. It is of positive and practical significance for scientific measurement and evaluation of the real quality of urban public open space, for creation of new public open space, for the building of a ecological city and `sustainable city' and for promotion of the harmonious construction.

The quality of urban public space and pedestrian mobility are two crucial aspects that significantly influence urban life, especially in the current context, where cities face growing challenges related to sustainability, public health and social welfare. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine how the quality of urban public space is related to pedestrian mobility; for this purpose, it was necessary to conduct a basic, correlational, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. A questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.902 was used to collect the information, which was applied to a sample of 162 residents neighboring the unit of analysis. The results were a coefficient Rho=0.728 and a P value of 0.000, which indicate the existence of a positive and strong correlation between the quality of public urban space and pedestrian mobility, suggesting that as the quality of public urban space improves, pedestrian mobility also tends to improve. It is concluded that the quality of public urban space and pedestrian mobility are essential for the development of more livable, healthy and sustainable cities, and that professional, architecturally sound urban design planning is essential to meet the current and future challenges of urbanization.

Padang is a metropolitan city which has 40 units of open space like plansum park, playground, and sports park with 10,88 hectar of total area. These open spaces are publics’, but not all of them are able to use as active public open spaces it caused by some of the parks are dormant parks beacuse they only for planted ground not for public activites.This study conducted to assess the quality of public space that exsist in Padang; Imam Bonjol park (representing of city open space (go-green)), H. Agus Salim sport center ( representing of sports park) and Pantai Muaro Padang area (representing of recreation/tourism).The method of this research conducted in several stages, first was the identification toward space’s function (Carmona,2008) and assess the space utilization index based approach to public space index (Metha,2007). The spaced quality is measured based on variable in Good Public Space Index which is the intensity of use, social activities, duration of activities, variation and pattern of use. The urgency of this research related to the effort to evaluate the policy of space arrangement and space control through the assessment of the use of existed spaces, until it can be references to Padang goverment in improving and increasing the quality of space thorugh development of spaces that have high quality.The assesment of quality of public open spaces in Padang conducted by assessed five space quality variables, result of analysis, utilization of public space was 0.69. based on the result it can be concluded the quality of public space in some parks in Padang has moderate index quality. This is caused by the time differentiation of the society, there is no interaction among society, and short time duration of the society in visiting the public space.

In spite of a Flemish planning policy that strived the last decennia at conserving the city (or urban areas) and countryside both as functionally and morphologically separable entities and as antipoles, it is observed that due to an unrestrained suburbanisation city and countryside become increasingly interwoven in Flanders. People still reproduce space in these two spatial categories but society and governments are no longer capable in producing this symbolic space in a physical and social way. It is clear that a top-down imposed, uniformising planning discourse is not able to get a grip on present urbanising processes and therefore alternative story-lines are needed. An alternative story line of ‘open space as public space’, points at the societal importance of public space and could be useful in understanding the challenges in present network society. In a context in which almost the entire Flemish space is ‘urban’, open-space-fragments seem to be able to fulfil a role as public space and have to become structuring spatial elements for further urbanisation. Three success factors in (designing) planning the open space seem to have the potential to be a lot more essential to the spatial visioning on open space fragments/rural areas than the current functional delineation of parts of the natural and agricultural structure. At the same time it is clear that multifunctional agriculture (MFA), meeting a broad spectrum of societal demands, is strongly related to the critical success factors for a good functioning of ‘public open space’, not on the reference scale of urban public space but on that of the collective open space at the regional level. A financing construction, which contains three possible alternative financing mechanisms for collective services, has a lot of potential in reinforcing the ‘public open space’. A proactive and offensive role of governments seems crucial in setting up this financing construction.

In urban space, public space is publicly or privately owned space freely accessible by the public. Privately owned public space to the public hosts small-scale rest facilities to serve the public in buildings of certain purposes and sizes for the sake of pleasant urban environment. The Building Act and building ordinances formulate a set of criteria for management and easement of construction standards as well as the area. When creating privately owned public space, one can get incentives through the easement of floor space index and height limit. The purposes of this study were to investigate and analyze privately owned public open space, which is freely accessible by the public, and its adjacent streets and to propose plans to improve the regulations for securing privately owned public space for more rational and practical legal applications. The study then proposed some plans to help to increase the quality of privately owned public space including applying the coefficient to suggest the type of privately owned public space fit for the features of the streets and measure the appropriate utility level differently and distinguishing the mandatory items according to the facility regulations in privately owned public space from the ones qualified for additional points in case of installation. The types of privately owned public open space should be applied differently and the content of facilities intended should be different according to whether it will serve as a resting place or grant more importance on traffic by walking, depending on the features of its adjacent streets. The privately owned public space, the frontage space of building, and the adjacent sidewalks should become a whole and be regarded as one space from the integrated perspective. The results of the study claim further significance in that it investigated privately owned open space and roadside across Seoul. They will serve as useful data to solve the problems with the privately owned public space of the city, which destroys spatial continuity by focusing on the quantitative increase of privately owned open space and creating individual privately owned open spaces and builds high-rise buildings alienated from the existing spaces, and to increase the quality of future privately owned public space.

This study investigates the spatial distribution and quality of urban public spaces in the Attica region during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire survey was conducted to gather data on the availability, accessibility, and quality of open urban public spaces. The findings indicate that, although several respondents reported the presence of outdoor public spaces in their respective areas, these spaces often did not meet the desired quality standards. Notably, a clear preference was expressed for open public spaces located within a convenient walking distance, typically within a 15-min walk. Quality assessments varied across different sectors of Attica, with the central Athens and central Piraeus sectors receiving lower ratings in terms of availability, quality, and safety. Compared to the rest of Attica, the residential suburbs of Athens’s Northern Sector appear to have more accessible, safe, and well-maintained public areas. The research underscores the critical importance of quality public spaces, particularly during times of crisis. This study emphasizes the need for a re-evaluation of urban planning strategies to ensure that public spaces remain functional and accessible to citizens.

In this article, we examine the definition of the Urban Public Open Space for Non-independent Land, and understand the related legal status in China. It attempts to summarize and compare with the mechanism of the Public Open Space in Private Development (POSPD) in Hong Kong and New York, so as to draw some inspiration for the development of domestic in China. It suggests a more effective design control and better management of the public open space for the urban planning regulation system. 1 Background With the rapid development of urbanization and the improvement of people's livelihood, people's need for quality of urban space is growing. However, urban construction and expansion have made the urban area dwindle; while as the vacant city space, especially urban public space faces the problem of shortage. Under the traditional state, urban public space supplied by the government has failed to meet the requirements. Therefore, some governments will attract and encourage private conducts in city construction and public administration in order to promote the city development, making the private enterprises important roles in providing public services. Therefore, the developers attempt of offering open space for rest, which is also maintained and managed by themselves, in the parcels of their private real right voluntarily or according to law for the public use, is included, and this contributes to improving the urban environment and solving the urban public space shortage. This kind of new public space is called POSPD (Public Open Space in Private Development) in Hong Kong and POPS (Privately Owned Public Space) in the US. According to the implement of the socialist public ownership of the land in China, the planning bureau in the city of Shenzhen gave it a new definition: Public Space for Non-independent Land(PSNL). At present, China has carried out such practical revolution in urban public space which is built on land with non-public property right. Firstly, in the recent twenty years, the plot ratio has been widely introduced as a reward in the city planning administration in China. The government encourages the private development projects to provide open space, elevated ground floor, increase of public facilities, application of energy-saving construction and so on, and thus gives them additional area accordingly as awards. Secondly, some cities have given some standards and guidelines on urban planning and design, but they were not written into the laws and regulations of urban planning, resulting in a dead zone in the development and management of the planning. In 2006,the planning bureau in the city of Shenzhen compiled the document of The Public Space System Planning in

Due to the shortage of land space resources and the uneven distribution of urban space resources under the current development model, the existing urban public open space is distributed discretely in urban space, lacking systematic integration and full-cycle guidance and control and management which highlights lacking publicity. The existing urban public space can not meet the needs of public life of citizens, while the building public open space attached to the building plots that has not been utilized effectively possesses great potential for development and utilization. In recent years, the Shenzhen Bay Street complex in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen has become one of the few practical cases of the joint development design and integrated construction of urban public open space and building public open space in China. The systematic study from it can provide valuable reference for the integrated development and guidance and control of public open space in Chinese cities.

Urban public open spaces refer to open space between architectural structures in a city or urban agglomeration that is open for urban residents to conduct public exchanges and hold various activities. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.7 in the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly states that the distribution characteristics of public open spaces are important indicators to measure the sustainable development of urban ecological society. In 2018, in order to implement the sustainable development agenda, China offered the example of Deqing to the world. Therefore, taking Deqing as an example, this paper uses geographic statistics and spatial analysis methods to quantitatively evaluate and visualize public open spaces in the built area in 2016 and analyzes the spatial pattern and relationship of the population. The results show that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing have typical global and local spatial autocorrelation. The spatial pattern shows obvious differences in different parts of the built area and attributes of public open spaces. According to the results of correlation analysis, it can be seen that the decentralized characteristics of public open spaces have a significant relationship with the population agglomeration, and this correlation is also related to the types of public open spaces. The assessment results by SDG 11.7.1 indicate that the public open spaces in the built-up area of Deqing conform to the living needs of residents on the whole and have a humanized space design and good accessibility. However, the per capita public open spaces of towns and villages outside the built area are relatively low, and there is an imbalance in public open spaces. Therefore, more attention should be paid to constructing urban public open spaces fairly.

This article presents the results of a scientific study conducted within the framework of an intra-university grant. The work was partially supported by the V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University Development Program for 2015-2024. The analysis of the world experience in the design of biopositive public spaces in various cities of the world is considered, the methods for the formation of a sustainable biopositive urban space are outlined in the theoretical works of leading specialists in various directions. Spaces of Crimean cities, in particular its capital - Simferopol, listed a number of problems of the following public urban spaces : areas, landscape objects, pedestrian streets, embankment, etc., formed as a result of the development and growth of the modern city, the results of surveys conducted by the authors (questionnaires, social questions) among guests and local population of Crimean cities. wishes of the residents of Simferopol city, Alushta city and Chernomorskoye settlement to architectural-planning, composition-landscape and artistic expressive qualities of urban public spaces. A short characteristic of the most popular urban spaces is given, their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. The requirements of residents and guests of these the Crimean cities to the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the material and technical and vegetable content of the urban environment are analyzed. Practical recommendations on the architectural and planning reconstruction of transport and pedestrian units, squares, garden and park facilities, embankments and courtyard spaces, taking into account the principles of biopositivity, are given. Experimental design models are proposed that consider the idea of transforming the existing public spaces of Crimean cities, taking into account modern international standards and information of sociological surveys.

The purpose of this study was to found that the important design reform points for improvement of the public open space quality. For this purpose, surveyed the users of the public open space and the experts working for the public open space planning for the design elements of the public open spaces in terms of importance and satisfaction. The scope of the study was limited to Mapo-gu, Seoul and the buildings constructed since 1992 were sampled. the data collected were subject to Importance-Performance Analysis. As a result, 'waste boxes, vending machines and other amenities', 'characteristic floor and pedestrian environment', 'designs and their layout in harmony with the surrounding and landscape facilities', 'facilities checking and patrol for safety' and 'entire area of the public open space'. Based on the above findings, the following reform measures are put forwards for improvement of the public open space quality; First, the public open spaces should be equipped with sufficient amenities. Second, it is necessary to check the facilities regularly, while enhancing the safety through patrols. Third, it is essential to reflect user's needs in public open space planning, while applying the important design elements to the public facilities. Fourth, in order to create a comfortable pedestrian environment within the public open space, it is deemed necessary to divide the space into the passages for passers-by and the recesses for uses. Fifth, it is necessary to amend the Building Code to the effects that the radio of the landscaped area to the entire area can be readjusted together with the night lighting facilities. Sixth, it is desirable to give the weights to the important design elements for the public open spaces, so that the quality public open spaces can benefit from the incentives. In addition, regular maintenance and management should be ensured by policies.

Based on Spatial Planning Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Article 29 states that the proportion of public green open space is 20% of the city area. In Tebing Tinggi City, based on the 2013-2033 RTRW of Tebing Tinggi City, it is stated that Public RTH covers an area of ​​approximately 72.49 Ha or 1.89% of the city area, which means it is not in accordance with the mandate of Spatial Planning Law No. 26 2007 concerning Spatial Planning. This research was conducted to assess the availability of existing public green open space in Tebing Tinggi City based on image interpretation techniques, spatial distribution, the area of ​​existing public green open space, the service radius of existing public green open space, and the suitability of existing public green open space land. This type of research uses quantitative research and uses spatial analysis techniques. The results identified as many as 60 public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City with an accuracy score of 86.36%, which means that the interpretation is considered correct because the spatial distribution pattern of public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City is random because the distribution of public green open spaces is not evenly distributed in all sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi City. From the results of the spatial distribution pattern, digitization was then carried out with the result that the total public open space area was 105.27 Ha, which was dominated by the burial area of ​​59.67 Ha or 57.07%. Then, based on each area of ​​green open space obtained, a topological classification of public green open space is carried out, consisting of 7 typologies of green open space, namely City Forest, City Park, District Park, Village Park, RW Park, RT Park, Cemetery and Green Belt, which is then analyzed. Service radius. As a result, it is known that the City of Tebing Tinggi has not been served optimally by public green open space because there is not yet one type of public green open space typology that is capable of serving the city of Tebing Tinggi based on buffer analysis carried out using ArcGis. The only public green open space whose service radius almost covers the city of Tebing Tinggi is the cemetery whose existing existence is capable of serving 99.19 percent of the area of ​​the city of Tebing Tinggi. Finally, a land suitability analysis was carried out between the existing public green open space and the Tebing Tinggi City RTRW for 2013-2033 which resulted in land suitability of 79.92%. Meanwhile, the remaining 20.08% was designated for areas that were not public green open space.

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

The multisensory interaction between auditory, visual, and thermal to the overall comfort in public open space: A study in a tropical climate