Abstract
Objective: To identify etiologic microbiota associated periodontal diseases among diabetes patients and the factors related to the most commonly identified bacteria species . Material and Methods: Periodontal plaque samples from 11 diabetic participants and 13 non-diabetic controls were collected to assess their aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Different distinct colonies were identified by microscopic and 16srDNA sequencing. Pearson's chi-square tests were conducted to examine any association between categorical variables. Results: The diabetic subjects revealed a more intense plaque formation with a mean plaque index of 2.4 compared to 1.8 in non-diabetics. A total of 86 bacteria were isolated from 24 plaque samples, 44 were aerobic, and 42 were anaerobic. Only aerobic isolates, 22 from diabetic patients and 22 from non-diabetic patients, were evaluated in these analyses. Bacillus spp. (B. cereus mainly) and Klebsiella spp. (K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, K. oxytoca ) were detected markedly higher in non-diabetic individuals than in diabetic subjects (p=0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). Some bacteria were only identified in the dental plaque of diabetic individuals, namely, Bacillus mojavensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pasteurianus . The presence of acid reflux and jaundice were significantly associated with the most common bacterial isolate, namely Bacillus spp ., with the p-values of 0.007 and 0.001, respectively . Conclusion: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher amount of dental plaques. Periodontal plaque samples from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects possess differential microbial communities. Diabetic plaques contain more versatile microbes predominated by gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci.
Highlights
The oral cavity is the same lineage of the upper intestine, lower intestine, and rectum
Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumonia were found noticeably higher in non-diabetic plaque samples
Taken together, identified dental microbiota from diabetic humans varied substantially than that of non-diabetic subjects. Such different microbial composition may result from the effect of diabetes in altering the local environment within the periodontal pocket that favored the growth of certain bacterial species
Summary
The oral cavity is the same lineage of the upper intestine, lower intestine, and rectum. Pathogens that remain in the oral cavity may transmit to other parts of the intestine and related organs. Varieties of microorganisms inhabit the oral cavity that provides a unique niche with the source of water and nutrients at a moderate temperature [1]. There are distinct microenvironments in the oral cavity, notably, on the hard and sticky surfaces on the teeth, in saliva fluid, and in subgingival to gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Microorganisms form multispecies communities on tooth surfaces in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. The oral microbial community in healthy humans is distinct from that of the disease-associated oral microbiota [4,5]
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