Abstract
A two-dimensional transient simulation model was proposed to investigate the effect of self-discharging on the performance of zinc–nickel single-flow batteries. The model was used to examine the dynamic characteristics of these batteries under no-load conditions and sustained electrolyte flow. The model was also applied to investigate changes in the battery voltage with time and coulombic efficiency under charge–discharge conditions with different current densities. The simulation results were verified in experiments involving a 250 mA h beaker battery under different working conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) the self-discharge effect was controlled mainly by the negative side reaction and drastically affected the battery potential at the initial stage of self-discharge; (2) during the charge–discharge process, the self-discharge effect decelerated the increase in battery voltage at the later stages of charging and exerted negligible effects at other stages; and (3) the cell coulombic efficiency can be increased by increasing the discharge current density to an appropriate value.
Highlights
Global economic and social development has resulted in a global energy crisis and environmental pollution
The model was used to examine the dynamic characteristics of these batteries under no-load conditions and sustained electrolyte flow
The following results were obtained: (1) the self-discharge effect was controlled mainly by the negative side reaction and drastically affected the battery potential at the initial stage of self-discharge; (2) during the charge–discharge process, the self-discharge effect decelerated the increase in battery voltage at the later stages of charging and exerted negligible effects at other stages; and (3) the cell coulombic efficiency can be increased by increasing the discharge current density to an appropriate value
Summary
Global economic and social development has resulted in a global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Redox flow batteries are energy storage systems with the advantages of adjustable capacity, flexible site selection, safety, and reliability.. Redox flow batteries are energy storage systems with the advantages of adjustable capacity, flexible site selection, safety, and reliability.4,5 Given these characteristics, redox flow batteries have the potential to be developed extensively on a much larger scale. The effects of the electrolyte, anode current collector, and winding process on the self-discharge of zinc–nickel batteries, as well as proposed improvement measures, have been described and investigated.. The self-discharge effect can be reduced considerably by removing impurities from the electrolyte, by plating the anode current collector with a metal that has a high hydrogen overpotential (i.e., the potential difference between a half-reaction’s thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox reaction is experimentally observed), and by applying a reasonable winding process. The results of this study will provide a foundation for the design and optimization of zinc–nickel single-flow batteries
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