Two Perspectives on the Spanish Civil War: Genre, Gender and the International Dimension of the War in Ilsa Barea-Kulscar’s Telefónica (1949) and Arturo Barea’s La llama (1946)

So far the empirical evidence adduced in favor of my theory of wartime violence has been drawn from a single case, namely, the Spanish Civil War. For the purposes of lending external validity to the results taken from the Spanish case, in this chapter and the following I will compare it to other cases, showing that they are broadly consistent. In this chapter, I present a study of the Ivorian Civil War(s) (2002–2007; 2010–2011), with a focus on the subnational dynamics of violence in this African conflict. My interest in Côte d'Ivoire stems from the fact that this civil war was fought along clear frontlines and characterized by uncontested control over large territories on the part of each of the armed groups. As with other cases of conventional civil wars, current theoretical approaches cannot fully explain violence against civilians in the Ivorian case. Thus, despite the fact that Côte d'Ivoire and Spain differ extremely in many respects, their civil wars exhibit commonalities that are relevant for the purposes of this book.

Book Review| January 01 2011 The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Pierre Broué and Emile Témime. William A. Pelz William A. Pelz Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal for the Study of Radicalism (2011) 5 (1): 135–137. https://doi.org/10.2307/41889951 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation William A. Pelz; The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 1 January 2011; 5 (1): 135–137. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/41889951 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveMichigan State University PressJournal for the Study of Radicalism Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © 2011 Michigan State University Board of Trustees2011 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Journal Article Raymond Carr, editor. The Republic and the Civil War in Spain. (Problems in Focus Series.) [New York:] St. Martin's Press. 1971. Pp. x, 275. $10.00 and Pierre Broué and Emile Témime. The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Translated by Tony White Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1972. Pp. 590. $12.50 Get access Carr Raymond, editor. The Republic and the Civil War in Spain. (Problems in Focus Series.) [New York:] St. Martin's Press. 1971. Pp. x, 275. $10.00. Broué Pierre and Témime Emile. The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Translated by White Tony. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 1972. Pp. 590. $12.50. Temma Kaplan Temma Kaplan University of California, Los Angeles Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 79, Issue 4, October 1974, Pages 1198–1199, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/79.4.1198 Published: 01 October 1974

This chapter considers the place of the silenced Republican mother in Spanish cultural memory of the civil war and Francoist dictatorship today. Beginning with a brief historical background of the visions and discourses of motherhood in Spanish Civil War and postwar Spain, the chapter examines the representation of Republican mothers in postwar Spain as recorded in testimony and fictional representations about the recovery of historical memory. Fictional novels of the post-Transition period highlight women's experience of the civil war and postwar clandestine resistance that has not received the critical attention it deserves. Hortensia, the sole representation of a truly combative mother, does not survive to continue her motherhood. Accordingly, there is still space for the representation of a combative maternal narrative of Republican women's experience of the Spanish Civil War and dictatorship in post-Transition memorial fiction. Keywords: Francoist dictatorship; Hortensia; post-Transition memorial fiction; postwar Spain; Republican mother; Spanish Civil War; Spanish cultural memory

Reviewed by: Uncommonly Savage: Civil War and Remembrance in Spain and the United States by Paul D. Escott Wayne H. Bowen Uncommonly Savage: Civil War and Remembrance in Spain and the United States. Paul D. Escott. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8130-4941-0, 256 pp., hardback, $74.95. The task Paul Escott has undertaken at first seems problematic: to craft a comparative history of civil war memory in two nations, with conflicts that did not share century, political ideology, continent, or language. The American Civil War, 1861–65, and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39, however, prove sufficiently malleable to the author’s approach to make this book an engaging success on the theme of war and memory. After a brief introduction and a background chapter, the book is divided into four thematic chapters, examining the major subjects of “Ideology and Memory,” “The Past and Political Evolution,” “Reconciliation,” and “Economic Change and the Transformation of Cultural Landscapes.” Escott skillfully draws parallels between the conservative forces in both countries—southern pro-slavery elites, and Catholic, military, and other right-wing leaders in Spain—that resisted what they saw as dangerous innovations from central governments. In the case of the United States, southerners feared economic modernization, leading to northern financial dominance, but even [End Page 469] more the movement for abolitionism. In Spain, the –isms—secularism, socialism, communism, anarchism, and anti-clericalism—provoked the uprising that would become the Spanish Civil War in 1936. While there are some analogies between right-wing Spain and what would become the Confederacy, the respective aftermaths of these two civil wars were starkly different. In Spain, a civil war won by the Nationalists became the regime of Gen. Francisco Franco, in which former Republicans faced decades of persecution, restrictions on their opportunities, or even imprisonment. In the American South, after a brief period of Union occupation and Reconstruction, the same white men who had led the rebellion against the North resumed their political influence. Just over a decade after the final Union victories, segregation, intimidation, and economic repression had recreated the race-based social order of the pre–Civil War period. There were more similarities in the nurturing of respective memories after both conflicts, with the losers in each creating a more coherent and enduring vision of civil war. Spanish Republicans in exile spent decades crafting explanations for their defeat, influencing historians in other nations to take up the Republican cause. Even as the late Franco era of the 1960s and 1970s deemphasized the glorious Nationalist movement that had won the Civil War, on the Left the memory of these events remained vibrant, even if during the transition to democracy in the decade after Franco there was a conscious effort to put aside the war in the interest of civic peace. While less consistently, southern historians and popular writers created nostalgic accounts of the lost antebellum era, before the destruction wrought by vengeful industrial armies of the Yankees. Indeed, instead of a collective vision of these two conflicts, the regional and ideological divisions that had seen the actual civil wars were perpetuated by the generations that followed. Only in recent decades has anything close to a national consensus emerged in both Spain and the United States to explain these wars. Rather than the victory of a vision by winning or losing sides, in both countries a more balanced account is now replacing the rivalry of partisan memories. Complexity now seems more widespread than one-sided assigning of blame. While there continue to be political arguments over physical monuments—Confederate statues in the American South and Spanish streets named for Francoist leaders—these are no longer violent, nor of more than symbolic impact. Each civil war, especially those of the remarkable violence seen in both the American and Spanish conflicts, features its own peculiarities amid what are, after all, national circumstances and origins. At times, the author draws parallels that are too close, obscuring their historical uniqueness. For example, the gulf between Spanish landowners of the twentieth century and southern plantation owners of the nineteenth was quite significant, but both groups are described similarly, as rural elites. However, Escott has shown that...

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Whether limited to hostilities between States — Civil war — Whether capable of constituting war in international law — Recognition of belligerency — Spanish Civil War — Whether Germany a party to Spanish Civil War Recognition — Belligerency — Governments — Whether recognition of insurgents as belligerents required to turn insurgency into war — Collective non-recognition of belligerency — Recognition of insurgents as government of State — Whether equivalent to recognition of belligerency — Whether civil war then becomes war — Spanish Civil War — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Previous articleNext article No AccessReview ArticlesRecent Historiography on the Spanish Republic and Civil WarStanley G. PayneStanley G. Payne Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 60, Number 3Sep., 1988 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/600405 Views: 27Total views on this site Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here Julián Casanova, one of Spain's leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this critical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and hardline anticlericalists, bosses and workers, Church and State, order and revolution. In 1936 these conflicts tipped over into the sacas, paseos and mass killings which are still passionately debated today. The book also explores the decisive role of the international instability of the 1930s in the duration and outcome of the conflict. Franco's victory was in the end a victory for Hitler and Mussolini and for dictatorship over democracy.

Reflections of a Civil War Veteran Abe Osheroff Dialogues between Painting and Narrative: From Goya to Malraux Countering L'Espoir: Two French Fascist Novels of the Spanish Civil War Crusade or Genocide? French Catholic Discourse on the Spanish Civil War Simone de Beauvoir and the Spanish Civil War: From Apoliticism to Commitment The Writing of History: Authors Meet on the Soviet-Spanish Border For Whom the Bell Tolls as Contemporary History Ramon Sender's Civil War Icons of War in Alberti: Madrid-Otono From Page to Screen: Contemporary Spanish Narratives of the Spanish Civil War The Failed Ideal in Leon Felipe's Poetry of the Spanish Civil War Two Spanish Civil War Novels: A Woman's Perspective Behind the Lines: The Spanish Civil War and Women Writers

Reflections of a Civil War Veteran Abe Osheroff Dialogues between Painting and Narrative: From Goya to Malraux Countering L'Espoir: Two French Fascist Novels of the Spanish Civil War Crusade or Genocide? French Catholic Discourse on the Spanish Civil War Simone de Beauvoir and the Spanish Civil War: From Apoliticism to Commitment The Writing of History: Authors Meet on the Soviet-Spanish Border For Whom the Bell Tolls as Contemporary History Ramon Sender's Civil War Icons of War in Alberti: "Madrid-Otono" From Page to Screen: Contemporary Spanish Narratives of the Spanish Civil War The Failed Ideal in Leon Felipe's Poetry of the Spanish Civil War Two Spanish Civil War Novels: A Woman's Perspective Behind the Lines: The Spanish Civil War and Women Writers

Reviewed by: Visual Propaganda, Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War by Miriam M. Basilio Yves Laberge Visual Propaganda, Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War. Miriam M. Basilio. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2013. Pp. xvi + 304. $119.95 (cloth). In her first monograph (possibly a derivate from her doctoral dissertation from 2002), Professor Miriam M. Basilio from New York University positions her interdisciplinary research into three salient trajectories related to Spanish history: the visual culture and political propaganda; the politicized posters from the 1930s; and the memory of the 1936–39 civil war in Spain. These intertwined topics are not totally new if considered individually, but there are relatively few books in English that have centered these perspectives upon visual history in an effort to understand the dynamics and redefinitions of the nation in its transition into fascism. Incidentally, some portions of this substantial book have already appeared elsewhere, mainly in scholarly journals (cited on xvi, 276). Although this book primarily covers the years 1936–1940, especially in her last chapter Basilio also studies many recent retellings of the era. That time period marks the early days of modern propaganda, corresponding to the darkest strategies of public outreach practiced by Germany’s Nazi regime. Basilio’s main point is to conceptualize the Spanish Civil War through contemporary theoretical approaches, centered on citizenship, national identity, memory studies, and the public sphere (in the Habermasian sense): “I argue that rival political factions within the Republican and nationalist camps placed questions of national identity and historical memory at the forefront of visual-propaganda campaigns and exhibitions” (1). Despite the complexity of this situation, her methodological approach is nuanced, considering the various trends and influences of this era: Catholicism, the heritage of Spanish colonialism, and the sentiment of national pride (208). In her impressive corpus, Basilio has chosen a wide array of vintage images, posters, cartoons, and various advertisements, either pro or against the advent of a new republic in Spain. Most of these forgotten images are reproduced here in black and white, with a few exceptions in color. The author studies how various exhibitions of these images have been conceptualized, conceived, and perceived by audiences, as in the unforgettable Paris World Fair of 1937, for example, when “the Spanish republican government presented a remarkable modernist pavilion,” which included Pablo Picasso’s latest masterpiece Guernica (174). The analysis is broadly conceptualized into several theoretical frameworks, for example in Basilio’s study of masculinity in some sketches of the Spanish military junta (29). The number of combatants involved was impressive then: as tangible proof of these vast propaganda efforts, “the junta issued approximately 40 posters, many reproduced as postcards in editions up to 50,000” (29). This book comes into five chapters, highlighting the social construction of the imagined nation of Spain (Chapter 1); observing how art, museums, and world fairs were used as vehicles for propaganda (Chapter 2); analyzing how the new nation was redefined (Chapter 3); showing how roots and patrimony were recuperated (Chapter 4); and finally asking how the persistent memory of civil war can be revisited and represented in the twenty-first century (Chapter 5). As she attempts to address these complex questions, Basilio admits that she cannot provide answers to all of them: after so many decades, it is now almost impossible to know exactly how individual citizens really reacted to these propaganda campaigns and exhibitions—whether they adhered to or resisted them—in the early days of the Spanish Civil War (2). As such, Visual Propaganda, Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War is not just a book about Catalan history. Chapter 5 concludes with questions about how these events are represented by contemporary Spanish artists in the twenty-first century and raises some issues related to memory [End Page 1049] (what we retain from the past), amnesia (what is forgotten or what remains undiscussed), and human rights (especially how citizens were manipulated by political propaganda and effectively forced into a dictatorship) in the context of images from artists such as Fernando Bryce (232–33). Recent images from Francesc Torres’s photography project, “Dark is the Room Where We Sleep,” such as a black-and-white photograph showing a hand...

The history of collectivization during the Spanish civil war has been controversial from its inception. Contemporaries who were sympathetic to anarchism and hostile to Communism authored the first accounts of workers’ and peasants’ collectives. Subsequent Republican and Communist authors dismissed or ignored this largely apologetic literature. The rise of the New Left in the 1960s revived interest and empathy for the revolutionary experience. In particular, Noam Chomsky’s polemical essay renewed the debate. Like his libertarian predecessors, he accused liberals and Communists alike of hiding the successes of anarchists during the civil war. Chomsky had no doubt that their collectives were ‘economically successful,’ and he attributed their difficulties to state hostility and the consequent restriction of financial credit. Although questionable, Chomsky’s New Left perspective was a sign of fresh interest in the question of the collectives. More scholarly accounts, based on original research, followed. Some researchers synthesized serious investigation with political concerns that were usually associated with 1960s idealism. In the 1980s Spanish scholars, armed with new documents from recently opened archives, tackled the subject with critical distance. They adopted a local or regional approach which delved into collectivization’s difficulties and dilemmas. Just as importantly, they began to move away from traditional political history from above to social history from below. The following pages attempt to develop this recent trend in the historiography by focusing on agrarian collectives in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. Aragon was part of what one agrarian historian has designated as the Interior, an area of relatively backward agriculture with low soil and labor productivity. The Michael Seidman

This article focuses on the importance of military factionalism in a nonconsolidated democracy: the Spanish Republic (1931–9). It builds a new micro‐dataset for over 11,000 officers during the Spanish Civil War (1936–9) to study how professional and economic interests created divisions within the military and influenced officers’ allegiances during the war. Results confirm that distributional conflicts influenced officers’ decisions in Republican‐controlled territories: officers who gained from military reforms in the years before the civil war and those with more rapid promotions in the months predating the war were more likely to remain loyal to the government. This article also explores the behavioural determinants of officers’ propensity to rebel and finds that hierarchy mattered, as senior officers influenced subordinates’ choices of side.

Journal Article The Republic and the Civil War in Spain Get access The Republic and the Civil War in Spain. Ed. By Raymond Carr. London, Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press. 1971. 275 pp. Index. (Problems in Focus series.) £3.90. Geoffrey Ribbans Geoffrey Ribbans Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 48, Issue 1, January 1972, Pages 127–128, https://doi.org/10.2307/2613669 Published: 01 January 1972

Journal Article The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain Get access The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. By Pierre Broué and Emile Témime. Trans. by Tony White. London: Faber. 1972. 590 pp. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £6.00. W. Horsfall Carter W. Horsfall Carter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 48, Issue 3, July 1972, Pages 502–503, https://doi.org/10.2307/2612757 Published: 01 July 1972