Abstract
Western corn rootworm (WCR) is the worst pest of maize in the United States, and since its spread through Europe, WCR is now recognized as the most serious pest affecting maize production. After the beetle’s first detection in Serbia in 1992, neighboring countries such as Croatia have established a national monitoring program. For more than two decades WCR adult population abundance and variability was monitored. With traditional density monitoring, more recent genetic monitoring, and the newest morphometric monitoring of WCR populations, Croatia possesses a great deal of knowledge about the beetle’s invasion process over time and space. Croatia’s position in Europe is unique as no other European nation has demonstrated such a detailed and complete understanding of an invasive insect. The combined use of traditional monitoring (attractant cards), which can be effectively used to predict population abundance, and modern monitoring procedures, such as population genetics and geometric morphometrics, has been effectively used to estimate inter- and intra-population variation. The combined application of traditional and modern monitoring techniques will enable more efficient control and management of WCR across Europe. This review summarizes the research on WCR in Croatia from when it was first detected in 1992 until 2018. An outline of future research needs is provided.
Highlights
Invasive Western corn rootworm (WCR)Western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) overwinters in the egg stage in soil and emerges in spring from mid-May to early July [1,2]
Mikac et al [60] extended the use of hindwing size and shape differences to examine changes in WCR related to the development of resistance, investigating possible differences among rotation resistant, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-resistant, and non-resistant populations in the U.S In general, the hindwings of non-resistant beetles were significantly more elongated in shape and narrower in width in comparison to beetles that were resistant to Bt-maize or crop rotation
This review summarized the research on WCR in Croatia from 1992, when it was first detected, until 2018
Summary
Western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) overwinters in the egg stage in soil and emerges in spring from mid-May to early July [1,2]. The invasion history of WCR in Europe is well known, the native populations of the Western European outbreaks are still unknown [7,8,9]. The invasion of Europe by the WCR occurred in three phases since the 1980s. The second phase was the establishment of WCR in countries surrounding the introduction location ca. The final phase of the invasion (2001–2018) was the dispersal phase, where WCR spread from Serbia to occupy 22 European countries spanning tens of thousands of hectares of maize fields [11]. 1995), and as such, the more recent invasion phases of establishment and spread co-exist in Southern Europe [2]. Different monitoring techniques have been conducted in Croatia to detect, estimate and predict WCR population abundance and annual variations. The monitoring techniques and procedures used in Croatia since the 1990s were implemented to inform management practices and contribute data to the effective integrated pest management (IPM) of WCR and other invasive pests in agricultural production
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