Two Anthropologists and Innocent III (d. 1216)

A ‘Uniform’ for All States?

Dramatic alterations to the natural environment due to human activity have produced a permanent rupture in the Earth system; the relative stable epoch of the Holocene has given way to a volatile Anthropocene. Acceptance of these claims means that we now live in this altered physical reality, inviting us to rethink how we conceptualise disasters. Yet, disaster scholars have been hesitant to apply the Anthropocene label and to acknowledge the profound changes that it can bring to the study of disasters. This paper queries whether this label is a necessary adage or unnecessary baggage for disaster studies by examining the possibilities and the challenges associated with engaging with the Anthropocene. An analysis of the concepts, causes, and consequences of disasters reveals how the Anthropocene provides, as the very least, a theoretical heuristic for challenging linear temporal assumptions, the epistemological status of uncertainty, and the location of agency in disaster studies.

We distinguish between social and liberal collective skill formation systems and demonstrate that the German VET system is a social system with a strong (parity) role for trade unions in its governance. In contrast, unions play a considerably weaker role in the more liberal Swiss system, which privileges employers’ interests. We show that the different position of unions in VET systems has the expected consequences on a range of indicators. We further examine why unions are less important in Switzerland and show how, after the First World War, differences in the institutional environment and power resources of the union movements set Germany and Switzerland on different paths, which are still visible today.

Commentary

Investment selection problems and models are crucial for humans, communities, and states. Private small hydroelectric power/ hydropower plant investments (PSHPPIs) selection problem is a unique one in those problems and models. Many available scientific methods can be implemented on this research topic. One methods group is type-2 Mamdani’s type fuzzy inference systems (FISs). This study presents an experimental one-node general type-2 4-zslices Mamdani’s type FIS model for PSHPPIs selection. There are 3 input variables (total estimated electricity generation: M1, total estimated cost: M2, change in the average runoff: M3), 1 output variable (O1: selected/unselected, selection classification of PSHPPIs), and 49 rules. M1 is designed in 5 triangular and trapezoidal general type-2 4-zslices fuzzy membership functions (MFs), M2 in 5 triangular and trapezoidal general type-2 4-zslices fuzzy MFs, M3 in 5 Gaussian type-2 4-zslices fuzzy MFs, and O1 in 2 Gaussian type-2 4-zslices fuzzy MFs. All modeling details are finalized by a human-expert decision process. JuzzyOnline V2.0, a browser-based platform of Juzzy (a Java-based library: Juzzy toolkit), is used for all FIS modeling and calculation activities. Five PSHPPI options assumed to be in their very early investment stages in Turkiye are evaluated in an experimental application. It is clear that an improved, tuned, and fine-tuned version of this model will help private investors to take more convenient/satisfying actions/decisions in a very short evaluation period in their PSHPPIs decision processes. An automatic investment selection classification system can be built in an appropriate development period after experiencing many methods and models. This study is one of the open-science humanoid robot, robot and platform development activities entitled Global Power Robots and Platforms: GPRP/GPRAP (Global Power Plants Developers: GP2D/G2PD/GPPD, Global Power Plants Engineers: GP2E/G2PE/ GPPE, Global Power Plants Owners: GP2O/G2PO/GPOO, Global Power Prediction Systems: GP2S/G2PS/GPPS), Global Profile Analyses Systems, and Global Social Network Analyses Systems.

Social identity formation (SIF) has rarely been addressed, either through analytic methods or on through sociologically and social-psychologically mixed-methods design at multiple levels. In the Iranian context, SIF, especially among youths, is devoid of any theoretical and functional models capable of explaining the effects which have been hypothesized of social system’s SIF functional deficiency. A sample of 445 students from the University of Tehran was selected in the period of 2016-2018, based on a random stratified sampling method. The participants undertook a validated questionnaire (i.e., content and construct validity) measures through expert judgment and PFA, delivered on a tablet. The reliability was r=0.88. A parametric one-sample Student’s t-test and a Friedman test were employed in the analysis which suggested a functional model for SIF. The analysis also supported both the major and minor hypotheses predicting direct effects of Iranian social system’s functional deficiency on reducing the level of their SIF in relation to their social system. Theoretically, the findings suggested an applied model for SIF in a mutually-implicated interaction process with social system along with specific measurement criteria. The model, which has seven parameters, is the product of a social system’s functional requirements, and seems to be influential in SIF formation by social system and can provide insights for social researchers and planners.

The evolution of the World Wide Web into a social form has provided end users with a plethora of information sources driven by community interactions and the emerging need to share information with one's peers. To date, the dynamics of social web systems, such as Twitter and Yahoo! Answers, and their differences has largely been assessed through commentary and theoretical discussion. In this talk I will provide concrete evidence of cultural differences between such systems. I will first describe the thesis of micro-cultures where distinct forms of social systems - i.e. question-answering systems, microblogging platforms and community discussion forums - exhibit idiosyncratic traits, before moving on to provide empirical evidence of the distinction between social web systems and their dynamics. For this latter part several differing types of social web systems are analysed to identify: a) the disparate nature of user behaviour; b) the differences in how attention to content is maximised on such systems, and c) incongruous community role compositions. Through such exploration key micro-cultures are detected that can be used to characterise distinct social web systems.

HAT are Soviet interests in Indochina? How do they fit into W1J the world-wide pattern of great power relations? And what, T w in turn, are effects of recent developments in Indochina, whether 'autonomous' or responsive to activities from outside, both on the great powers individually and on the emerging 'multi-polar' balance? Now it may be felt that the formulation of these questions gives undue weight to a particular view of international affairs. Indeed, Soviet writers object to the concept of ' balance of power' because it fails to take account of what they see as the over-riding struggle between two systems, socialism and capitalism. The clash of two systems is of course most evident in Indochina, with civil war or strife in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Yet class or ideological conflict cannot on its own explain the immediate complexities, if not the underlying issues, of the diplomacy of the post-cold war era. To understand the latter, both concepts are needed. For the purpose of this article I have therefore considered ideology, perhaps somewhat arbitrarily, as part of the 'balance'. South-east Asia in itself is not of major interest to the Soviet Union ;(in this it is very different from South Asia) apart from two aspects: first, Soviet solidarity with North Vietnam and the effect this has on the continuing political-military struggles in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, although this is counter-balanced, to some extent, by the desire not to jeopardise constructive relations in other fields with the United States. And, second, the area considered as an arena of rivalry with China and the United States.' To the Soviet Union, Indochina signifies a number of not always compatible elements: a socialist state attacked by the leader of imperialism; national liberation movements in various stages of growth; friendly relations with governments of countries with different social systems; an opportunity to reduce American power and prestige, but within a global framework of peaceful co-existence; a similar opportunity

One of the leading problems of the theory of globalization is the interaction of the modern state, public groups and the power system as the main source of development of the state and society. Today there is a sharp decline in the economic role of the state in the context of globalization of national markets and the monopoly regulator of the political and social system, typical of the states of the industrial era, leading to a crisis of civil society, developing within the framework of national statehood. However, such a world in the form of a “world power” does not arise, just as a global social community arose, similar to a nation. There is also a significant differentiation of nations with a tendency to primitivization, clericalization and archaization of social structures and public consciousness and, in general, an increase in the heterogeneity and conflict of modern societies. Such dramatic changes have affected the degradation of the system of power relations, including the social mechanisms of subordination, which are fundamentally unconscious of either the economy or administrative sanctions. However, the modern state, although it has lost a significant part of its capabilities and functions, continues to be the basis of social life within its territorial borders. The main objective of the study is to study the characteristics of the crisis of power in the postmodern world.

Chinese positions on multilateralism and regional institutions in managing Asia-Pacific security have undergone gradual but noticeable changes over the years. Beijing's initial hesitation and to some extent, suspicion, was that multilateral forums could be used for small powers to gang up on China, especially regarding its defense modernization and territorial disputes in the South China Sea; that an outside major power like the United States could dominate these organizations; and that Taiwan could be granted official status and the Taiwan issue could be internationalized in multilateral discussions. China gradually became more involved in and of late has become a strong supporter of ARF activities since the Asian version of multilateralism, with an “ASEAN Way” of gradualism, consensus, informality in institution building and, more importantly, as an alternative to military alliances. However, China was, and remains today, opposed to transplanting the European security models to the Asia-Pacific region, or establishing any institutionalized mechanisms for dealing with regional security issues since the countries in the region are vastly different in terms of history, culture, political and social systems, and different visions of national security and priorities. While China has gradually become more receptive to multilateralism, it has always emphasized multi-channel and multi-level approaches to regional security building. Beijing argues that regional security issues should be dealt with by a variety of channels, including bilateral, multilateral, and sometimes unilateral approaches at both governmental and non-governmental levels. Chinese official statements and analyses, however, reveal a preference for bilateralism and a form of minilateralism approximating great-power consultations. Clearly, a balanced assessment of China's attitudes toward regional institutions and multilateralism should be made within the broader contexts of its past experiences, current concerns, the evolving regional security environment, and the dynamics of domestic politics.

SOVIET-AMERICAN partition of Korea in 1945 was among the most unfortunate outgrowths of World War II. After dividing the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel, Washington and Moscow implemented unilateral policies of zonal reconstruction that totally disregarded the interests of the other major power. Each nation's approach was a reflection of its own political, economic, and social system; both American and Soviet leaders wanted Korea to emulate its model for national de-

Explaining the world as a system: can it be done?

Book Review---Giuseppe Balirano, Maria Cristina Nisco (eds.) 2015 Language, Theory and Society: Essays in English Linguistics and Culture, Liguori, Napoli.

The author of the article marks the value of theory of social management in public practice. Underlines problem character of its forming. Offers the state-of-the-art review of present interpretations of basic categories. Exposes methodological distinctions of scientific approaches in sciences, that interested in management problems. Selects the methodological problems of forming of theory of social management. Author of many publications emphasize that in the twentieth century in the theory and practice of social control have been significant changes. It is emphasized that as a result of scientific, technical and information revolutions, fundamentally changed the whole system of governance has changed the vision of the object and the subject of control. Effortsstatement that the social content was the main object of control. Obviously, on this occasion, received wide application of the phrase «social control». The phenomenon of social management – a subject of study of many sciences, before all this: sociology, psychology, social psychology, political science, philosophy, law, culture, education, cybernetics, sinergetycs, ergonomics and economy. Each of Sciences offers «their» opportunities to improve the management, but the point of «their» methodology. To overcome existingmethodological differences are calls to separate social management as an independent branch of scientific knowledge and incorporate it sections of sociology management, management philosophy, psychology, management, politics as the art of management, economy, culture and law, so as to highlight the problem of social control. Thus a «interdisciplinary discipline» subject and method of research is a systematic approach, systematic analysis of the phenomena of social life, and bring together a set of methods and toolsto study for the quality and structure of complex social systems as a control object. These calls cause concern, but their implementation has serious difficulties that present significant methodological problems determining categorical apparatus. Analytical review of existing definitions of management shows «Parade» content and meaning of this phenomenon, approaches for its consideration. This situation causes the problematic nature of the theory of social control. At its creation should clearly focus, primarily, on: 1) the formulation of major categories, laws, principles and methods change(optimization) social systems while maintaining their integrity; 2) identifying opportunities to build new social formations on the grounds of social expediency and value-normative notions of governance and public inherent in society at this stage of development. Any scientific theory, primarily intended to provide ideological orientations that easy to accept and to use in practice. A clear highlight social content management will create these benchmarks. We believe that the authors leave aside the fact that a general theory of social management requires a study of laws, principles and forms of social interaction, regardless of which sphere of life they are carried out. It is necessary to study not only the organizational management institutions and management as a social system, comprehensive regu existing social system. Admittedly, in the field of scientific research of sociologists observed substantial «deviation » in the direction of activity of their own administration. But sociology of management should not seek to replace management activities. We believe that its main task – is to ensure the formation of social interaction in a holistic understanding of the mechanisms of social systems, the vision of their structure, external and internal communications processes of social self-organization and development, creation of organizational interdependence of systems to achieve socially important objectives and management role.

The article is devoted to the study of historical aspects of the formation of the social risk management system. The study is based on a deep retrospective analysis that allows to establish the stages of formation of social risk management systems in world practice. This is of fundamental importance for the rationalization of social policy, and within its framework, in particular, the policy of social risk management. The effective functioning of such a system should, in turn, refer to the historical awareness of social risks, the principles of organization of risk communities. According to the author, the study, conducted to describe and explain the attitude to the social risk management system through the prism of the evolution of the social state, aims to establish not only opinions on Social Security through social security systems, the scale of satisfaction with the possible benefits derived from this insurance, and trust in the institution associated with them. The result of these studies should also be a diagnosis of the attitude of society and states to the ideas and rules of the social risk management system, and in particular recognition of the degree of understanding of the need for social security by creating appropriate mechanisms. Therefore, it is important, taking into account the evolution of the development of the social state, to also answer the question of the possibility of directing other public institutions covering this important sphere of social relations formation in the social risk management system. The author finds in the article that social risk has a historical character, which is associated with both technological and cultural development of the individual. It is proved that the state played a key role in the development of the social risk management system. The stages of formation of the social risk management system are allocated and a scheme of methods of public management of social risks was built on the basis of the performed analysis. Also based on the analysis, strategic goals were identified in the system of public management of social risks, which allows to increase its effectiveness. Keywords: social risk, social risk management system, social security, state, social policy.