Twin goals, one policy: Cost-effective collaborative abatement via new energy cities

This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) discusses on Belize’s ability to promote faster poverty reduction and greater shared prosperity which will depend on how well the country deals with its main sources of vulnerability. The main areas in need of a big push that could have the highest potential impact on the twin goals are : (i) improving education and skills; (ii) addressing crime and violence; and, (iii) increasing resilience to climate change and natural disasters. Strengthening resilience to natural disasters and climate change along with improvements in the existing infrastructure in Belize are critical to support the twin goals to end extreme poverty, and promote shared prosperity in poorer segments of society. Sustainable progress towards the achievement of the twin goals of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Belize will also require prioritizing fiscal sustainability. This SCD is structured in six chapters that range from a brief description of the main features of Belize to the discussion of priorities for growth and shared prosperity. Chapter 1 presents the country context, highlighting Belize’s main features as a small upper middle income country that faces high volatility associated with its size and vulnerability to exogenous shocks. Chapter 2 discusses trends in poverty and shared prosperity. Chapters 2 through 5 discuss the main underlying factors that have been found to influence Belize’s growth performance as well as its economic, social and environmental sustainability. Each of these chapters discuss in greater detail the nature of the challenges, dig deeper into exploring the likely causes of these challenges, and identify policy areas that could be critical for boosting growth and inclusion and ensuring sustainability. These chapters also identify knowledge and data gaps on areas where new information could help strengthen a diagnosis and inform specific actions in the priority areas. The sixth and final chapter has three important and distinctive features. First, it provides a synthesis of the analysis and findings of the previous chapters. Second, it provides a discussion of the approach used to identify the priorities for action in Belize. And, third, it concludes with a discussion of the priorities to boost shared prosperity and ensure economic, social and environmental sustainability in Belize.

On April 8 and 9, 2006, District I of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) held a retreat to assess the future of the specialty. The retreat leaders were Dr. Fredric D. Frigoletto Jr, MD, and Dr. Michael Tesoro, MD. Dozens of issues were identified, analyzed, and prioritized for action. The participants identified the twin goals of continuing professional development and improved patient care as critical and central to the healthy evolution of the specialty. The participants also identified nine major issues that greatly influence our ability to realize these twin goals. The nine issues include 1) ensuring career longevity, 2) balancing family life and work life, 3) optimizing residency training and medical student recruitment, 4) developing the careers of a cadre of physician-scientists, 5) enhancing competency-based continuing professional education, 6) supporting practice development, 7) improving patient safety, 8) securing patient access to care, and 9) advancing our legislative agenda, including tort reform. The retreat leaders identified the need for the specialty to develop a "road map" to constructively address these key issues.

‘Cancer Virus Hunters’ is an impressive work of history of medical research, deeply and extensively researched. It aims to show who and how ideas about cancer-causing viruses evolved over the twentieth century. In its approach, it pays homage to the 1926 classic ‘Microbe Hunters’ by Paul de Kruif, and shares that book’s twin goals: firstly, to explain the development of medical science by pulling back the curtain on research processes and the researchers themselves, and secondly, giving due credit for discoveries and advances. ‘Cancer Virus Hunters’ gives that approach a modern twist. It acknowledges the role of luck, serendipity and chance and the unplanned directions research can go in—this is no straightforward march-of-progress tale. And it adds an exploration of the role of wider influences on research such as wartime or institutional support, and grapples with the dark side of the issue of credit: that women made significant contributions to cancer virus research but received only a fraction of the acknowledgement for them than their male peers.

The demand for the adaptive reuse of prewar and postwar landmark buildings and structures is rising, and it will continue to rise: particularly with a changing climate, where energy conservation has become a significant influence on refurbishment. There is a widely held belief that upgrading, or reimagined occupancy, must be in practical or commercial conflict with preservation; but in fact, projects informed by a good understanding of the behavior of the building envelope and the significance (or otherwise) of its components can achieve remarkable results. This paper highlights the wider role that must be played by building science in developing a more nuanced understanding of energy use in the built environment: one that looks at the fundamental role of occupants and their control over their environments, as well as the fabric. This approach to minimizing energy use until very recently drove innovation in the built environment, and it retains its power. By looking at the example of architectural glazing through history, it is possible to see that energy conservation and conservation are twin goals. Together, they can deliver enormous benefits in terms of both sustainability and improved conditions for building use. As examples of this approach, the paper discusses two recent Californian examples involving the conservation of twentieth-century glazing: the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla and the former Gibraltar Savings and Loan building in Beverly Hills. These case studies demonstrate how intervention and conservation can be balanced to maximize retention of original buildings’ fabric and maintain their cultural and aesthetic significance, while ensuring long and productive futures for these buildings.

Community forestry is one of the major programme that is being implemented in Nepal for last three decades. The programme with twin goals: nature conservation and poverty reduction is believed to be faring well with the first goal. The paper exclusively focuses on the impact of community forestry on income distribution and reviews relevant studies with the conclusion that community forestry has contributed in poverty reduction and intensive management expedites the whole process.

Techniques of the body and social norms : from Mauss to Leroi-Gourhan. The work of Leroi-Gourhan appears in the guise of an attempt to classify a wide range of human techniques largely dispersed in time and space. It is to be noted, however, that this taxinomy draws its fundamental concepts from an ambitious attempt to formulate a "biology of technics" which has a twin goal. On the one hand, the aim is to replace the phenomenon of technics in the context of the evolutionary dynamics of living forms which confers on this phenomenon its meaning and its modalities ; the other aim is to take due account of the social forms of existence through which this dynamics is necessarily expressed. Technical reality is configured at the crossroads of the social and biological dimensions of human existence. A close examination of this articulation brings the work of Leroi Gourhan into resonance with its heritage from the sociology of Marcel Mauss and, more precisely, with the theme of the techniques of the body which was a hallmark of this original sociology.

The relation between property and sovereignty is a contested one. Traditional norms identify the protection of both persons and property as two of the core functions of government. However, these twin goals come into conflict when the existence or exercise of a property right results in harm to others. Yet it can be argued that recognition of any property right necessarily harms others by excluding them from resources they may need for human life. How then do we determine when an exercise of ownership is legitimately viewed as a self-regarding act that does not affect the legitimate interests of others (and thus does not involve any negative externalities) and when such an exercise does harm others and thus comes within the legitimate sphere of government regulation? Property norms help answer this question by orienting us in a moral universe through background understandings that define legitimate interests that deserve legal protection. Norms orient us, first, by telling us who is an owner and who is a non-owner with regard to any particular entitlement in a particular resource, and second, by telling owners when they are obligated to take into account the effects of their actions on others and when they are entitled to think of their own interests alone. In so doing, property norms define which externalities we as a society must pay attention to, worry about, and seek (if possible) to prevent.

The main aim of this article is to discuss the concept of family and its values and its place and role as a multi-dimensional institution from the Islamic perspective. The author seeks to show that the Islamic family institution as envisaged by the Quran and as practised by Muslims throughout the history of Islam is at once a religious, an educational, and a socio-economic institution. The family is first of all a religious institution since it is based on the principle of sacred marriage and it exists to serve as an instrument to help man realise the twin goals of his existence in accordance with God’s cosmic plan. The twin goals in question are of servitude (ubudiyyah) and vicegerency (khilafah) and equivalently of man’s perfect relationship with God (hablun min Allah) and man’s perfect relationship with fellow men (hablun min al-nas). The author then discusses the role of the family as an educational institution in the sense of it being the first school for its children dependants where basic religious and ‘secular’ knowledge are both provided. Next to be discussed is the family’s role as a socio-economic institution with particular emphasis on household governance and economic health. This article emphasises the view that societal health, particularly its economic dimension, presupposes family health. A crisis in the family institution can have grave consequences on the well-being of society as a whole. Finally, the author discusses the challenges faced by the family institution in the twenty-first century and presents several recommendations on what needs to be done in response to these challenges.

This paper pursues two twin goals: [i] To refine proposals in Grosu (2016) concerning the characterization and analysis of nominal-argumental ‘transparent free relatives’ (‘TFRs’), and [ii] to strengthen Grosu’s (2016) argumentation against an alternative approach to TFRs. 

Pragmatically, there has been a hot debate on the new wave of strategic governance in duality as a concept from Business perspective. Critics argue sharply and blamed Management inappropriately for utilising duality model to achieve corporate goals. Nevertheless, there is a school of thought that believes that duality model negatively or positively impacts the corporate performance, especially at the top level of management hierarchy. Few of the authors think it has no impact whether the duality model is adopted or not by top-level management. The purpose of this study examines the duality model as a concept and its dual goals from the Ghanaian context. Specifically, this study focuses on measurement of the impact of duality model behaviour of organisations in Ghanaian community. This study also aims to measure the application of the duality concept in relation to the three models: Technology acceptance model, agency theory institutional theory. This research uses primary data from 30 prominent organisations in Ghana, which have used the model in duality roles. Questionnaire was sent to top-level management in these organisations to collect primary data. Responses were categorised and analysis was performed on data that were collected to determine data reliability and usefulness. The result indicates that the duality model is perceived to be easy and less expensive to use and most of the managers in duality role perform better than individual managers in separate roles. Based on the research findings, managerial implications and directions for future research are discussed. Keywords: Duality, qualitative, questionnaire, research, findings

This essay examine how Boris Fishman’s A Replacement Life and Amy Kurzweil’s Flying Couch adapt the Jewish exegetical tradition of midrash as a tool for responding to the gaps and silences in the historical record and their inherited memories of the Holocaust. In so doing, these works evince the transference of loss and the ways in which residual transgenerational trauma carries the weight of history into the future. Both texts use midrash to enact the fragmented nature of third-generation memory as well as to animate the gaps and silences in Holocaust history, testifying to the persistent resonance and relevance of Holocaust memory in the present. These twin goals are underscored by the presence of third-generation characters who struggle to excavate and resurrect the past in the absence of cohesive family narratives and, as a result, highlight the contours of what has been lost and acknowledge what cannot be fully known but is still felt nevertheless. Through their use of midrash, these texts encourage an active discourse between writer, text, and reader, enabling a felt connection to the tragedy and a critical engagement with the way that it continues to haunt our contemporary world.

As we have seen, Marxists were in agreement that women’s equality could only be achieved once they worked alongside men in social production, and were liberated from the confines of the family. As Engels put it: ‘the emancipation of women and their equality with men are impossible and must remain so as long as women are excluded from socially productive work and restricted to housework, which is private. The emancipation of women becomes possible only when women are enabled to take part in production on a large, social scale, and when domestic duties require their attention only to a minor degree.’1 In due course the family would, in effect, be ‘nationalised’, with women’s domestic functions taken over by state institutions. In this chapter we will look at how these twin goals, to draw women into the work force and to free them from family duties, were presented to readers of Rabotnitsa and Krest’yanka in the 1920s.

At the World Bank Group, we share this commitment. Our goal is to apply the world’s best ideas, knowledge, and experience in development to accomplish our twin goals: ending extreme poverty by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity. To achieve these objectives, we must raise the incomes of those living on less than $1.25 dollars a day and the poorest 40 percent, as well as deliver important advances in areas like health and education that will give an equal opportunity for all.

Over the past 100 years, modern Western states have undergone two historic transformations. The first occurred between the 1920s and the 1940s, when the liberal, non-interventionist form that had dominated the 19th and earlier centuries gave way to the Keynesian welfare interventionist (or Fordist) form. From its origins in the 1930s (in the UK, the USA and Sweden), the Keynesian welfare state project emerged as the dominant post-war model of social and economic regulation among many of the advanced industrialized nations. Its twin goals were the stabilization of the inherent cyclical instabilities of capitalist growth and the construction of mass societal support and cohesion through the maintenance of full employment and provision of a public welfare system. Of course, nation states pursued different variants of the basic model ( Esping-Andersen, 1990; Painter, 2001). Specific policies and the degree of intervention differed according to the particular balance of socio-economic forces and historical political–institutional legacies in each country. At the same time, the Keynesian welfare state project brought about changes to the territorial organization of the state. Although, again, the nature and extent of these changes varied across nation states and interacted with the diverse national structures inherited from the past, involving differing degrees and forms of devolution of powers and responsibilities to subnational regional, city or local levels, the ascent of the Keynesian welfare state reinforced national or federal governments virtually everywhere at the expense of subnational governments and authorities ( Brenner 2004; Donahue, 1997; Rodriguez-Pose and Gill, 2003). These common features permit some generalization as to the implications of the Keynesian welfare state model of state regulation for patterns of uneven regional development (see Martin and Sunley, 1997).

The coupled land degradation‐drought impacts have been central challenges to ecosystem functioning and livelihood of farmers in Ethiopia. As a response, catchment restoration initiatives have been implemented since the 1970s. The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of such catchment restoration initiatives on water resources and drought resilience, using metadata from 106 peer‐reviewed journal articles comprising 361 paired‐catchment case‐studies. The study shows exclosures, fanya juu (ditches with embankments along the contour), and soil or stone bunds are the major soil and water conservation (SWC) practices implemented to restore degraded catchments in regions prone to land degradation (with a high value for Fournier's degradation coefficient). Runoff depth was less in the treated catchments (97 ± 29 mm yr‐1) than in the control catchments (168 ± 77) mm yr‐1 (n = 217, p < 0.0001). A paired t‐test also shows lower runoff coefficients in the treated (13 ± 10%) catchments than in the control catchments (25 ± 15%) (n = 57, p < 0.0001). The conjunctive use of SWC measures enhanced water infiltration into the vadose and aquifer zones. These measures are effective in reducing unproductive water losses. Moreover, the water level in shallow wells raised from a depth of 18 ± 11 to 2 ± 1 m after catchment management. In the dry season, well‐functioning catchments promoted upstream‐downstream hydrological linkages. The resulting base flow reduced hydrological, agricultural, and socioeconomic drought effects in the treated catchments. To conclude, catchment restoration practices in degraded landscapes have twin goals: enhancing freshwater availability and building drought resilience. We suggest scientists, donors, and managers to work on spreading restoration efforts to other degraded landscapes to improve water yield in the face of climate variability.