Abstract
ObjectiveTo determine if reductions in medically-attended pediatric varicella and herpes zoster occurred in Ontario, Canada, after publicly-funded varicella immunization was implemented in 2004.MethodsFor fiscal years (FY) 1992-2011, we examined data on varicella and herpes zoster physician office visits, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations (including for varicella-associated skin and soft tissue infections [SSTI]), and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, among those aged <18 years. The pre-vaccine, privately-available, and vaccine program eras were FY1992-1998, FY1999-2003, and FY2004-2011, respectively. We used Poisson regressionand Kruskal-Wallis tests (all at the p<0.05 level of significance), and compared rates using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsIncidence of varicella office visits declined over the study period from a high of 25.1/1,000 in FY1994 to a low of 3.2/1,000 in FY2011. ED visits and hospitalizations followed similar patterns of decreasing rates later in the study period. IRRs comparing the vaccine program versus pre-vaccine eras were 0.29 (95%CI: 0.26-0.32) for office visits, 0.29 (95%CI: 0.21-0.40) for ED visits, and 0.41 (95%CI: 0.10-1.69) for hospitalizations. Annual declines in varicella office visits were 7.7%, 9.1%, 8.4%, and 8.4% per year among children aged <1 year, 1-4 years, 5-11 years, and ≥12 years, respectively (all p<0.001). Age-specific rates of varicella-associated SSTI declined significantly among children <12 years (p<0.001) and rates of ICU admissions decreased significantly for children <1 year (p = 0.02). (p<0.001) over the study period. For children aged 5-17 years, herpes zoster office visits decreased whereas ED visits increased (both p<0.001) and there was a small, non-significant (p = 0.07), decrease in hospitalizations.ConclusionMedically-attended varicella decreased during the study period, particularly since varicella vaccine was publicly-funded. Results suggest immunization program-related changes in varicella epidemiology, including herd effects, demonstrated by reductions in varicella in program-ineligible age groups. We did not observe a consistent impact on herpes zoster.
Highlights
Varicella is a common childhood illness with the potential for serious complications, even among healthy individuals [1]
Incidence of varicella office visits declined over the study period from a high of 25.1/1,000 in FY1994 to a low of 3.2/1,000 in FY2011
Annual declines in varicella office visits were 7.7%, 9.1%, 8.4%, and 8.4% per year among children aged
Summary
Varicella is a common childhood illness with the potential for serious complications, even among healthy individuals [1]. Varicella immunization programs have been effective, varicella-related surveillance and research have identified challenges such as limited impact of varicella immunization through private purchase rather than publicly-funded programs, including in our own province of Ontario [6,7]; the inability of single-dose programs to prevent outbreaks [8,9,10]; and conflicting data regarding the impact of childhood varicella vaccine on pediatric herpes zoster [1, 11,12,13,14]. The routine program began with a single dose at 15 months of age., In 2010, Canada’s National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended two doses of varicella, based on data suggesting two doses would reduce the number of breakthrough cases of varicella and prevent outbreaks, and a varicella booster for Ontario children aged 4–6 years was added in August 2011 [15]
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