Tunable Bioadhesive Copolymer Hydrogels of Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Containing Zwitterionic Polysulfobetaine

Abstract

This work describes a novel tunable bioadhesive hydrogel of thermoresponsive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA). This novel hydrogel highly regulates general bioadhesive foulants through the adsorption of plasma proteins, the adhesion of human platelets and cells, and the attachment of bacteria. In this investigation, nonionic hydrogels of polyNIPAAm, zwitterionic hydrogels of polySBMA, and three copolymeric hydrogels of NIPAAm and SBMA (poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA)) were prepared. The copolymeric hydrogels exhibited controllable temperature-dependent swelling behaviors and showed stimuli-responsive phase characteristics in the presence of salts. The interactions of these hydrogels with biomolecules and microorganisms were demonstrated by protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and bacterial attachment, which allowed us to evaluate their bioadhesive properties. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies was used to measure different plasma protein adsorptions on the prepared hydrogel surfaces. At a physiological temperature, the high content of the nonionic polyNIPAAm in poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA) hydrogel exhibits a high protein adsorption due to the interfacial exposure of polyNIPAAm-rich hydrophobic domains. A relatively high content of polySBMA in poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA) hydrogel exhibits reduced amounts of protein adsorption due to the interfacial hydration of polySBMA-rich hydrophilic segments. The attachment of platelets and the spreading of cells were only observed on polyNIPAAm-rich hydrogel surfaces. Interestingly, the incorporation of zwitterionic SBMA units into the polyNIPAAm gels was found to accelerate the hydration of the cell-cultured surfaces and resulted in more rapid cell detachment. Such copolymer gel surface was shown to be potentially useful for triggered cell detachment. In addition, the interactions of hydrogels with bacteria were also evaluated. The polySBMA-rich hydrogels exhibited evident antimicrobial properties when they were incubated with Gram-positive bacteria ( S. epidermidis ) and Gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli ). This work shows that the bioadhesive properties of poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA) hydrogels can be effectively controlled via regulated nonionic and zwitterionic molar mass ratios. The tunable-bioadhesive behavior of temperature-sensitive poly(NIPAAm-co-SBMA) makes this biocompatible hydrogel appropriate for biomedical applications.