Tsunami vulnerability functions from field surveys and Monte Carlo simulation

The Noto Peninsula earthquake occurred on January 1, 2024, with an MJ of 7.6. This earthquake was triggered by active submarine faults previously mapped off the northern coast of the Noto Peninsula and generated a tsunami. We mapped the tsunami inundation areas and tsunami runup and inundation heights associated with the 2024 earthquake along the coast of the entire Noto Peninsula based on high-resolution aerial photographs and field surveys. The tsunami inundation area was widely distributed along the coast of the Noto Peninsula, Hegurajima, and Notojima Islands. The tsunami inundation area was 3.7 km2 in total. The tsunami inundation areas were distributed continuously along the west and east coasts of the Noto Peninsula. In contrast, these were discontinuous along the northern coast of the Noto Peninsula. The characteristics of the regional patterns of the tsunami inundation were broadly consistent with the tsunami inundation assumptions made for tsunami hazard maps before the 2024 earthquake. The tsunami height was different between the east and west coasts of the Noto Peninsula, with a peak of 11.3 m in elevation at Kuroshima. The tsunami on the west coast was higher than the one on the east coast. This was due to the location of the earthquake source fault and the distribution of the slip amount of the fault. The distribution of tsunami heights is also influenced by tsunami propagation characteristics, such as reflection and refraction. The tsunami runup and inundation height of the 2024 earthquake was the largest along the coast of the northern Noto Peninsula since the twentieth century compared with the past earthquakes. In contrast to the tsunami height, damages induced by the tsunami were smaller along the west coast and larger along the east coast, which was attributed to the location of the settlements and the presence of coastal structures. This study will contribute to future tsunami disaster prevention along the Sea of Japan coastlines crucial for improving future response strategies by accurately determining tsunami height and potential damage.Graphical

Banks Island is a polar desert where continental ice sheets, spreading from a dispersal centre to the southeast, reached their maximum extent on at least three occasions. The oldest Banks Glaciation affected all but the northwest. The Pre-Banks Sea preceded glacierization while the Post-Banks Sea formed during déglaciation. Following Morgan Bluffs Interglaciation, characterized by a climate similar to that of today, the south, the east, and the Thomsen River basin were covered during Thomsen Glaciation. The Pre-Thomsen Sea preceded the glacierization, while the Big Sea inundated much of the Island during déglaciation. Following the last or Cape Collinson Interglaciation, characterized by a climate warmer than that of the hypsithermal, Laurentide glacial lobes impinged on the coastal areas, during the M'Clure Stade of Amundsen Glaciation. Prince of Wales and Thesiger lobes, emanating from Amundsen Gulf, respectively advanced in Prince of Wales Strait and Thesiger Bay impinging on the east and southwest coasts. At the same time, Prince Alfred Lobe, originating in Viscount Melville Sound, advanced in M'Clure Strait and impinged on the north coast. The Pre-Amundsen Sea preceded the glacierization of the south coast, while the East Coast Sea submerged the east coast up to 120 m, the Meek Point Sea the west up to 20 m and the Investigator Sea the north up to 30 m, during déglaciation. The late Sand Hills Readvance of Thesiger Lobe built a morainic system on the southwest coast. Later, the northeast was covered, during the Russell Stade of Amundsen Glaciation, by Viscount Melville Lobe, emanating from Viscount Melville Sound, and the east coast was drowned up to 25 m by the Schuyter Point Sea. Limits of extent of Laurentide ice in the southwestern Archipelago are proposed for the two stades of the last or Wisconsinan Glaciation.

Discussion on the Meeting on the Gibbs Sampler and Other Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods

Variation in hatch date distributions, settlement and growth of juvenile plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa L.) in Icelandic waters

ABSTRACTAbundance, distribution and development of early life stages of krill (eggs, nauplii, calyptopes and furciliae) around Iceland were studied during the latter half of May 2013. Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationships between water mass characteristics and phytoplankton spring bloom dynamics and distribution of krill. The results show that krill eggs, nauplii and calyptopes were most abundant over the shelf edges off the southwest and east coasts, while furciliae were most abundant on the shelf off the southwest coast. Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Thysanoessa longicaudata larvae were found mainly in the southwest, while T. inermis larvae were found in highest numbers on the east coast. Redundancy analysis showed that phytoplankton biomass, temperature and bottom depth explained 41% of the distribution pattern of early ontogenetic krill stages. In areas where krill eggs and larvae were most abundant (off the southwest coast), the phytoplankton spring bloom was in an advanced state, and the phytoplankton biomass and temperature were particularly high.

Contrasting oceanographic conditions and phytoplankton communities on the east and west coasts of Australia

Studies on Algae (HA) are rare in the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. The current study investigated diatoms and dinoflagellates in five Sri Lankan Southern coast locations, focusing on potentially harmful species. A total of twenty-seven diatom species and ten dinoflagellate species were identified during the study. Among them, eight diatom species (Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Guinardia flaccida, Leptocylindrus minimus, Nitzschia sp., Proboscia alata and Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta) and three dinoflagellate species (Ceratium fusus, Ceratium furca, and Dinophysis caudata) were identified as potentially harmful species. Specifically, P. fraudulenta related to producing domoic acid, causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), was recorded in all sampling locations. Potentially harmful species showed a significant correlation with turbidity and total phosphorus levels (p < 0.05). Discerning the occurrence of these species in the region is vital, as the seascape under investigation is in anthropogenic pressure with many sea routes. Even though bloom conditions were not observable during the study period, the risk of transporting microalgae to many different locations and the possibility of bloom formations cannot be ignored. As a country surrounded by the ocean, the results demonstrated the importance of continuous monitoring of potentially HA and regulating maritime and land-based activities, covering a broader area to identify and manage potential threats to the Indian Ocean. Keywords: Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; coastal zone; harmful algae; diatoms; dinoflagellates; water quality References Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F. & Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine phytoplankton atlas of Kuwait's waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait. Almandoz, G.O., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B. (2017). 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Editorial on the special issue Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and public health: progress and current challenges. Toxins, 4437-4441. Department of census & statistics (2012). Sri Lanka census of population and housing 2011. Department of Census and Statistics. Colombo. Draredja, M. A., Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M. (2018). Relationships between environmental conditions and phytoplankton in the Mellah lagoon (south western Mediterranean, Algeria), with an emphasis on HAB species. Algae 2018–From Ecosystems To Socio-Ecosystems, 64. D'silva, M. S., Anil, A. C., Naik, R. K. & D'costa, P.M. (2012). Algal blooms: a perspective from the coasts of India. Nat hazards, 63, 1225-1253. Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B. & Ranasinghe, P. (2016). Phytoplankton abundance in relation to nutrient dynamics during southwest monsoon, southern coast of Sri Lanka. NARA. Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R. A. (2002). Identifying harmful marine dinoflagellates. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Smith Institute, WA, USA, 42, 1-144 Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R.A. (n.d.) Marine species identification portal. Available from: http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51 (accessed 24.12.2019). Fire, S., & Van Dolah, F. (2012). Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G. (2005). Overview of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins: exposures and effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 618-620. Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damste, J. S. & De leeuw, J. (1999). Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae. Organic Geochemistry, 30, 147-159. Gobler, C. J. (2020). Climate change and harmful algal blooms: insights and perspective. algae, 91, 101731. Graneli, E. & Flynn, K. (2006). Chemical and physical factors influencing toxin content. In: Graneli, E. & Turner, J. T. (eds.) Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 229-242. Graneli, E. & Turner, J.T. (2006). An introduction to harmful algae. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. (eds.), Ecology of harmful algae, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. 3–7. Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Mardones, J. & Seger, A. (2017). Review of progress in our understanding of fish-killing microalgae: implications for management and mitigation. Marine and freshwater harmful algae, 150. Hinder, S. L., hays, G. C., Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B. (2012). Changes in marine dinoflagellate and diatom abundance under climate change. Nature climate change, 2, 271-275. Ivanochko, T., Cassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A., & Oka, G. (2012). Phyto’pedia - The Phytoplankton Encyclopaedia Project. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia. https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/ Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L., & Arulananthan, K. (2016). Diversity and Abundance of Marine Plankton and Benthos of Maruthankerny, Off Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 21. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049 Jayasiri, H. B., Priyadarshanie, W., Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R. (2015). Diversity, abundance and composition of phytoplankton with special reference to toxic dinoflagellates in Colombo harbour. Proceedings of National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka. Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C., Manage, P. M., & Weerasekara, K. a. W. S. (2018). Identification of Marine Microalgae with Special Reference to Physico-Chemical Aspects of Coastal Waters in Western Province, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of international forestry and environment symposium.http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/8151 Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, N. T. M., Hoi, N. C., Fukuyo, y. & Kodama, K. (2000). Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp.(Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp

The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

The 2010 Mentawai earthquake (magnitude 7.7) generated a destructive tsunami that caused more than 500 casualties in the Mentawai Islands, west of Sumatra, Indonesia. Seismological analyses indicate that this earthquake was an unusual "tsunami earthquake," which produces much larger tsunamis than expected from the seismic magnitude. We carried out a field survey to measure tsunami heights and inundation distances, an inversion of tsunami waveforms to estimate the slip distribution on the fault, and inundation modeling to compare the measured and simulated tsunami heights. The measured tsunami heights at eight locations on the west coasts of North and South Pagai Island ranged from 2.5 to 9.3 m, but were mostly in the 4–7 m range. At three villages, the tsunami inundation extended more than 300 m. Interviews of local residents indicated that the earthquake ground shaking was less intense than during previous large earthquakes and did not cause any damage. Inversion of tsunami waveforms recorded at nine coastal tide gauges, a nearby GPS buoy, and a DART station indicated a large slip (maximum 6.1 m) on a shallower part of the fault near the trench axis, a distribution similar to other tsunami earthquakes. The total seismic moment estimated from tsunami waveform inversion was 1.0 × 1021 Nm, which corresponded to Mw 7.9. Computed coastal tsunami heights from this tsunami source model using linear equations are similar to the measured tsunami heights. The inundation heights computed by using detailed bathymetry and topography data and nonlinear equations including inundation were smaller than the measured ones. This may have been partly due to the limited resolution and accuracy of publically available bathymetry and topography data. One-dimensional run-up computations using our surveyed topography profiles showed that the computed heights were roughly similar to the measured ones.

A combination of observations and a numerical model revealed the meso‐scale structure of the near‐surface atmospheric conditions over the Persian Gulf. Low‐level winds were dominated by a single, coherent, perennial land–sea breeze circulation (LSBC) that varied seasonally and diurnally. In summer the sea breeze was deeper and wider than in winter. At night the core of the LSBC over the Gulf was confluent with uplift, whereas in daytime it was difluent with subsidence. Sensitivity tests with the model revealed the influence on the LSBC of the land–sea distribution, orography and the ambient wind. The latter resulted in different conditions over the north, east, south and west coasts. Over the north coast, where the opposing ambient wind created a sea breeze front, landward penetration was very limited; over the south coast it was over 250 km. The thermal effect of the Iranian mountains accentuated the depth and penetration, landward and seaward, of the LSBC, thus influencing the duration of the land and sea breezes over the east coast. From spring to autumn the marine boundary layer over the Gulf was shallow, cool, moist and stable, with strong vertical gradients of temperature and humidity at its top. Its depth increased in the ambient flow from northwest to southeast and also, in daytime, from west to east, because of different magnitudes of the subsidence in the sea breeze circulation over the west and east coasts. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society

While it is unlikely that man will ever devise a means of preventing tsunamis-more commonly known in the West by the misnomer "tidal waves"-scientists today are constantly adding to our knowledge of their nature, sources, and causes, and, through the development of highly refined technical instrumentation, are making possible early-warning systems that already, even in these early stages, are proving of significant value.In October, 1969, an International Symposium on Tsunamis and Tsunami Research was held at the East-West Center, University of Hawaii. Participants included representatives from Austalia, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, U.S.S.R., and the U.S.A. Sponsored jointly by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Tsunami Committee and the East-West Center, the major seminars were devoted to (1) Seismic Source and Energy Transfer, (2) Tsunami Instrumentation, (3) Tsunami Propagation and Run-up.This volume contains more than 30 of the papers presented at that Symposium. Recent developments and future plans for the Pacific Tsunami Warning System are included

Development of Empirical Wind Vulnerability Curves of School Buildings Damaged by the 2016 Typhoon Nina

A study was conducted on the incidental capture of sea turtles in the artisanal gillnet fishery in Trinidad and Tobago. The objectives were (i) to determine the fishing effort; (ii) to identify gillnet fishing areas and seasonality of turtle capture; (iii) to quantify the numbers, species and fate of captured turtles; (iv) to solicit the opinions of fishermen on turtle capture and; (v) to recommend measures to reduce sea turtle bycatch, if necessary. A survey questionnaire was used to carry out field surveys from March 2001 to February 2002 at 27 fish landing sites around Trinidad. Results indicated that green multifilament net was generally used in artisanal drift gillnet operations that target carite, Scomberomorus brasiliensis , and kingfish, S. cavalla , on all coasts. Gillnet fishing was conducted year-round by 71% of the fishermen interviewed. Of the turtle species captured in this fishery, the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea , was reported as the most common and problematic. Over 3000 adult turtles were estimated to have been caught in the gillnet fishery in 2000. Incidental capture occurred off the north and east coasts of Trinidad during January to August, when these marine reptiles are approaching nesting beaches. Fishermen reported that approximately 73% of leatherback captures on the north coast and 66% on the east coast were released alive during the study period. Recommended measures to reduce the incidental capture of sea turtles include revising fisheries legislation; providing training and financial support for fishermen to increase the adoption of alternative fishing methods; and educating fishermen on how their fishing practices can affect the survival of a species facing extinction.

The study of tsunami hazards in Thailand has been an ongoing topic of research. However, the hazards from tsunami sources based on probabilistic study and population risk are still unclear. In this study, potential tsunami sources along rupture zones were selected. A series of far-field tsunami simulations were performed with scaled fault parameters based on fault lengths from 100–600 km. The results show that within a few centuries, the maximum tsunami height could be 2–5 m at the west coast and less than 2 m at the east coast. The potential tsunami exposure (PTE) of populations in an estimated inundation zone was calculated using global population data in relation to tsunami height. The results show that much attention should be paid to fault ruptures longer than 300 km (≈ 8.5 moment magnitude, Mw) that originate from 4°–6° N and 14°–17° N for the Sumatra subduction zone and the Manila trench, respectively. A quarter of a million people are at risk of exposure to a maximum 9 m tsunami height after 100 min of the arrival of the first wave at the Andaman coast. One million people near the Gulf of Thailand are at risk of a tsunami height less than 3 m after 9 hr.

BackgroundHuman exposure to lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticide is ubiquitous. The individual is exposed to a complex mixture of POPs being life-long beginning during critical developmental windows. Exposure to POPs elicits a number of species- and tissue-specific toxic responses, many of which involve the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The aim of this study was to compare the actual level of integrated AhR transcriptional activity in the lipophilic serum fraction containing the actual POP mixture among Inuits from different districts in Greenland, and to evaluate whether the AhR transactivity is correlated to the bio-accumulated POPs and/or lifestyle factors.MethodsThe study included 357 serum samples from the Greenlandic districts: Nuuk and Sisimiut (South West Coast), Qaanaaq (North Coast) and Tasiilaq (East Coast). The bio-accumulated serum POPs were extracted by ethanol: hexane and clean-up on Florisil columns. Effects of the serum extract on the AhR transactivity was determined using the Hepa 1.12cR mouse hepatoma cell line carrying an AhR-luciferase reporter gene, and the data was evaluated for possible association to the serum levels of 14 PCB congeners, 10 organochlorine pesticide residues and/or lifestyle factors.ResultsIn total 85% of the Inuit samples elicited agonistic AhR transactivity in a district dependent pattern. The median level of the AhR-TCDD equivalent (AhR-TEQ) of the separate genders was similar in the different districts. For the combined data the order of the median AhR-TEQ was Tasiilaq > Nuuk ≥ Sisimiut > Qaanaaq possibly being related to the different composition of POPs. In overall, the AhR transactivity was inversely correlated to the levels of sum POPs, age and/or intake of marine food.Conclusioni) We observed that the proportion of dioxin like (DL) compounds in the POP mixture was the dominating factor affecting the level of serum AhR transcriptional activity even at very high level of non DL-PCBs; ii) The inverse association between the integrated serum AhR transactivity and sum of POPs might be explained by the higher level of compounds antagonizing the AhR function probably due to selective POP bioaccumulation in the food chain.