Trzecia polska Psyche. "Miłość i Psyche" Anny Olimpii Mostowskiej na tle siedemnastowiecznych wersji baśni Apulejusza (rekonesans)

Marxism in Literary or Art in our 21 St centuries is built around a debate of methodology and application when a critic is requested to evaluate a literary text or genre. Though disparities of thoughts in the point of views of some scholars such as: Georg Lukacs, Karl Korsch, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser etc. have been involved in scientific debates whether Marxism as a sociological approach finds a better reliable application in literature. Marxism as a political ideology of Karl Marx was not designed for literary study, literature in terms of form, politics, ideology, and consciousness, numbers of research skills are required for a critic in almost literary components. While the question of methodology and application in literary analysis is still unsettled in the areas of literary studies so, it appears very difficult and ambiguous to some literary students and English teachers in our local universities in Bukavu (DRC) when prior involving in literary evaluation. Furthermore, sometimes students get involved into confusion mixing theories of new literary criticism or traditional literary criticism for Marxist literary interpretation. The work has enriched the debate by suggesting a critic engaging into the Marxism analysis to base his interpretation framing linguistic features as observable phenomena in literature or art in all its form affecting characters’ life flashing back to Karl Marx ideology of class struggle to avoid him draining into confusion of interweaving his analysis with either traditional or new literary school criticism. Determining the focus of literary theory according to the text and genre, classical categorization distinguishes between genres and their own sub-genres: poetry, plays, (drama), novels and short stories (fiction).Research must be focused with regards to the area of application of research paradigms. The common topics dealt with under the traditional literary criticism have been: Plot, Setting, and Narration, Point of View, Characterization, Symbol, Metaphor, Genre, Irony/Ambiguity. Such literary analyses have been useful for the discussion of the following issues: How the various components of an individual work relate to each other. The tradition has ignored to deal with a question “ how concepts and forms in literary works relate to larger political, social, economic or religious context?” Stern (1983:472) assumes that the dissatisfactions and failures of literary teachers and students with a single method or lack of method in the interpretation of literary work have contributed to the constant critique of methods and the demand for new reform and emphasis. The paper raises a question, how should a critic evaluate a literary genre based on Marxist approach? Assessing this issue requires examining Marxism from ideology to theory and then to literary criticism to help a critic evaluate successfully the literary genre. The paper has applied literary criticism as a basically qualitative research involved in the analysis and argumentation of the present data. The finding reveals that, Marxism is not only an ideology, but also a postulate for a literary framework, so a critic to handle his analysis requires a mastery of deep understanding features or paradigms characterizing Marxist theory such as: socio-economic conflict, modes and means production, class struggle, oppression (oppressor/oppressed). The bourgeois/proletariat, domination (dominant/dominated), economic base/superstructure, materialism, capital and labor force, and how characters actions determine class struggle for societal progress. Marxism as theory flashes back to Karl Marx ideology of class struggle and how this affect characters in a literary genre as an insight for a critic to counter his /her textual framework analysis. Article visualizations:

Tarihsel süreçte nesir türündeki farklı ürünleriyle belirli bir telif geleneğine sahip olan Arap edebiyatı, modern dönemle birlikte roman, tiyatro ve kısa öykü gibi edebi türlerde ürün vermeye başlamıştır. Bu süre zarfında, özellikle kısa öykü Cezayir edebiyatının önemli edebi türlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Kısa öykü, modern Cezayir edebiyatı edebi türleri arasında yaygınlık bakımından ilk sırada gelmektedir. Cezayirli edebiyatçıların, özellikle de bağımsızlık savaşı esnası ve sonrası dönemde, yazdıkları kısa öykülerinde, doğrudan Cezayir insanının hayatını konu edindikleri, onun sosyal ve medeni bakımdan ilerleyişini ve fikri gelişimini tasvir etmeye ve geniş bir portresini çizmeye çalıştıkları, aynı şekilde Cezayirlilerin iç dünyasına ışık tutarak, bütün çekişme ve çelişkileriyle yaşanan gerçek hayatı yansıtmayı amaçladıkları görülmektedir. Cezayir edebiyatında kısa öykünün ele alındığı bu çalışmada, öykünün ortaya çıkışı, ortaya çıkışının gecikmesindeki din, dil, gelenekler, halk hikâyeleri vb. etkenler değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanında Cezayir’de hikâyeciliğin ortaya çıkışı, kültür ve geleneğin yeniden canlandırılmasındaki rolü, Cezayir’in Doğu ve Batı ile iletişimi, Cezayir devriminin rolü incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmında Cezayir Edebiyatında kısa hikâyenin gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur.

Modern and contemporary Qatari literature constitutes an essential axis in Arabic literature, especially Gulf literature, since the first half of the twentieth century until now (2023) in many areas, including; Poetry, short stories, novels, theater and public literature. Eloquent poetry was the first of the most common literary genres in Qatari literature, followed by p public poetry, short stories, novels and theater. No one doubts that Qatari literature has developed on the quantitative and qualitative levels in the last three decades. Therefore, the editorial board of the magazine decided to allocate an issue of Ansaq magazine to Qatari literature. Despite the fact that the announcement of this issue coincided with the major international preparations and events for the World Cup in Qatar (November 18 - December 18, 2022), the editorial board was keen on doing that out of its belief on the importance of Qatari literature and its role in the Arabic literature. This is mainly because the renaissance witnessed by the State of Qatar in the recent decades did not stop at sports activities only, but extended to include all types of literary, critical, cultural, intellectual, political, economic, social, scientific and other varieties of life. Therefore, this issue expresses some literary genres in Qatari literature, through critical studies in which some researchers and critics participated. This included studies on novels, folk tales and poetry. In addition, this issue included the literary achievement of the Qatari Nation Magazine. The issue did not include the theater and literary criticism, in which researchers did not submit studies - in the period specified for sending research - that are compatible with the goals and mission of the journal, and we hope to achieve this in the upcoming issues. The studies included in this issue are as follows:  In the Field of Novel Criticism: Dr. Abdelhak Belabed, and Dr. Emtenan Al-Smadi, participated in research on the Qatari novel as follows: • Dr. Abdelhak Belabed's research “The environmental novel in Qatari narration (An ecocritical approach to the novel Our World...The Feast of Days and Nights by Dalal Khalifa)”. The researcher tried to apply the environmental criticism to Dalal Khalifa's novel (Duniana... Festival of Days and Nights) in order to reach the writer's ability to experiment in novels her understanding of new issues within her narrative work, especially since the writing in the environmental novel is still new in the Arabic narrative. At the end of his research, Dr. Abdelhak presents the results he reached at, namely: The ability of the Qatari narrative to be analyzed from the perspective of environmental criticism and inter-studies. Moreover, the Qatari novelist’s awareness of the environmental problems and his attempt to address them narratively. The early narrative maturity of the Qatari novel and its presentation of local and global environmental problems. In addition, the Qatari novel, while trying to monitor the social transformation that the State of Qatar has gone through, was able to practice fictional experimentation to understand it. • Next is Dr. Emtenan Al-Smadi’s research entitled: “The fantasy of history in the novel "Water of Roses" by Qatari writer Noura Farag”. The researcher studied different aspects of it; Narrative discourse, the use of fantasy and historical reference, the nature of imaginary vision, and the approach to historical and imaginary figures. The research was built on an attempt to reveal the narrative perspective in the ways it calls historical references, which were associated with the fourth century AH. This is in the light of the interpretive approach. She showed that the novel is problematic in its relationship to historical references and fantasy. It was characterized by its condemnation of some historical events, the overturning of the truth, and the illusion of others. It was also managed to generate a sense of the historical event beyond telling to fictional imagination. The researcher also believes that the novel revealed the importance of employing fantasy in reshaping the audience's view of the world. Moreover, it showed that the author's vision is to raise the level of presence of the fictional character in comparison with the historical personality, and the victory of the imaginary over the historical.  In the Field of Popular Literature Criticism: the issue dealt with two critical studies: The first is about the poetry of the popular Mawwal, entitled “Inspiration of traditional values and symbols in the poetry of the popular Mawwal in Qatar,” by Dr. Mahmoud Kaheel. The second is about Qatari folk tales, entitled “The Stereotypical Patterns of the Man in the Qatari Folk Tale Popular Stories in Qatar by Muhammad Al-Dweik as a Model," by the researcher Aisha AL-Muftah. • Dr. Mahmoud Kaheel’s research tried to clarify the most prominent elements of the value system and its traditional symbols that were inspired by the popular poets in Qatar, and they were able to employ them artistically in one of the most important types of popular poetry, which is the art of the Mawwal (Al-Zuhairi). Therefore, Dr. Kaheel raised his questions and visions on this topic, stating that "Since the art of the mawwal has a historical dimension dating back to the middle of the Abbasid era, and the depth of its heritage, which includes a group of inherited Arab and Islamic values, and it is one of the seven arts that occupied a clear part of the Arab poetic heritage”; it is supposed to ask the question: To what extent does the art of the Mawwal reflect what it has stored of those values and their religious, historical and popular symbols, in its own artistic methods of expression in a way that shows its general popular features, and its heritage values that it was known for, especially in Qatar.” He believes that “the aim of the research is to monitor the representations of these values and their symbols in Al-Mawwal's poetry, and their impact on its enrichment and its continuity to this day by studying it, and showing its features, according to a descriptive and analytical approach.” Through this study, he concluded that the art of Al-Mawwal Al-Zuhairi, with its artistic richness and cognitive richness, is commensurate with and collective popular culture, and its renewable components; through three axes: Drawing inspiration from different values and their symbols, represented by the religious heritage, the value heritage, and the popular narrative heritage. However, the Islamic religious heritage with its concepts, values, and symbols constituted the largest resource for popular culture, most of whose elements were manifested in the texts of the art of Mawal in particular; as many of the Mawal poets in Qatar were keen to enjoy the springs of heritage, and linked the experiences of contemporary man with the experiences of traditional personalities. The art of al-Mawwal’s poetry still needs vigorous efforts to collect what was not collected from it, which paves the way for the preparation of rigorous studies (stylistic, aesthetic, cultural, etc.) that adopt modern critical approaches. • As for the research on "The Stereotypical Patterns of the Man in the Qatari Folk Tale Popular Stories in Qatar by Muhammad Al-Dweik as a Model," by the researcher Aisha AL-Muftah. This is also drawn from her master's thesis entitled "Cultural Patterns in Qatari Folktales, Popular Stories in Qatar by Muhammad Al-Dweik as a Model". The researcher studied Qatari folk tales, taking cultural criticism as its method, in an attempt to contemplate and characterize the cultural patterns contained in these ancient tales, and based on the assumption that Qatari folk tales include these cultural patterns within them. The researcher limited the Qatari folk tales to reach the stereotypical patterns of the man in the folk tales and divided them into two parts: the stereotypical patterns of the evil man, and the stereotypical patterns of the good man. She concluded a set of results related to the images of men in the Qatari popular imagination. The dominance of popular belief at the expense of established facts, because of the strength of the heritage that led to deep-rooted convictions reflected in those folk tales, and represented by multiple systemic patterns. Furthermore, she found the manifestation of male narcissism and self-centeredness in the images of authoritarian men, where virility and power are sufficient to justify action. Folk tales also highlighted civilized dimensions, such as the image of the ego with the other, and the stereotypical patterns of charitable men expressed the moral charter of society and what they aspire to, such as courage, intelligence, good management, loyalty, family love, sacrifice, patience, good faith in Allah, and sincerity of trust in Him. The systematic patterns expressing charitable men crystallized some of the Arab customs such as Arab generosity, protection of the neighbor, magnanimity, relief for the needy, and others that present the ideal Arab man from the perspective of Arab culture, as well as the reflection of religious belief on the popular storytelling imagination.  In the Field of Poetry Criticism: The researcher Dr. Rodan. A. Murai's research “Self- Semiotics in the Poetry of Souad Al-kuwari” in which she dealt with the approach of the self in her poetry from the semiotic perspective. The researcher relied on the semiotic approach and concluded that , "the perceiving self is the one that is in contact with its subject, present in its details through the phenomena of suffering and pain experienced by the perceptive body of Suad al-Kuwari, while the uttering self is separate from it and is able to control his themes, arrange and synthesize them in a poetic language or in dramatic glossaries that speed up the movement of the narration, or scenes that dramatize the relationship with existence by sl

The article is aimed at the development and implementation of innovative methods of teaching a short story as a literary genre with the use of digital instruments. The research suggests using a cross-sectional study based on descriptive methodology and comparative analysis. The study was set up at the Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University and included 68 participants (38 in the experimental group and 30 – in the control group). The results found that digital tools are widely used to teach a short story as a literary genre. The effective methods to teach a short story as a literary genre are the following: debate and interactive discussion through online platforms, writing exercises, role-playing and simulation, problem-based tasks, thematic mind mapping, comparative study, collaborative projects, video lectures, and peer learning. Besides, it was proved that a short story is an efficient educational tool and contributes to the improvement of the professional skills of future philologists. They refer to analytical skills, critical thinking, creativity, digital literacy, emotional intelligence, cross-cultural competence, communicative skills, creative writing, and textual analysis. The experiment resulted in the development of recommendations for teaching the short story as a literary genre at the institutional, pedagogical, technological, linguistic, and psychological tiers. In conclusion, innovative methods based on digital tools enhance the process of teaching a short story as a literary genre and contribute to the training of philological students.

Short stories are a literary genre that usually has a single plot and can be read in a short time.Today's short stories, unlike other literary genres, are written in different ways with different subjects and have become widespread.This genre, which first emerged in the USA and was presented as a short story, began to develop during World War II and was popular in many countries afterwards, and many examples of this genre were given and it has continued to exist until today.When we look at Turkish Literature, if we examine it in terms of the period in which the short story emerged and its content, we see differences compared to the literature of other countries.While short stories became popular in America in the nineteenth century, it seems that they became widespread in Turkey in the 1980s and 90s.The aim of our study is to make a comparative analysis of the short story, which is a literary genre, in Turkish and American Literature through two samples.As an example, the story titled "Lonely Efe" by mer Seyfettin, one of the important short story writers of Turkish Literature, and the story "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe, one of the important short story representatives of American Literature, were examined comparatively.

There is still a gap between prosperous foundation of national literary heritage, its genre diversity and real practical understanding of its value for society development and national identification. The article is deals with to the study of the short Vietnamese story as a genre of Vietnamese literature, its history, specifics, and the current stage of development. The purpose of the research is to study the short Vietnamese story as a national genre of Vietnamese literature, periodization, identification of its features. In this study, several methods of scientific research were used. Historical and comparative analysis, with the help of which it is possible to identify the features of the genre under study by establishing similarities and differences with other genres, to identify the stages of its development in the historical context; and empirical analysis to summarize, classify and describe the results obtained. The contribution of the study is to present the history of the Vietnamese short story as a genre of Vietnamese literature, reveal its specifics, features due to the cultural and religious basis, the historical heritage of the country and socio-economic development. The periodization of the genre evolution is carried out. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current stage short story development. The author shows the transformation of the genre, reveals new features inherent in the genre of the modern short Vietnamese story, related to the socio-economic development of Vietnam and the echoes of the military events of the mid-XX century. Namely, the approach to realism and showing the true emotions of the hero. We show that it is the analysis of literary works of this genre that can become an important element, which can help to preserve the depth and beauty of literature, to maintain the continuity of generations. This is especially important in the context of globalization and the erosion of traditional cultural values in Vietnamese society.

In the history of literary experimentation, the writer has evolved into a social medium for literary readings of numerous literary works that were previously only known to those with a keen interest in literature and literary genres. As a result, many well-known literary works have been succinctly summarised in front of everyone in a way that is both helpful and provides details while still remaining concise. In this essay, the researcher wants to show how Twitter has developed into a literary form, competing with other well-known literary works like novels, plays, short stories, and poetry, particularly haiku. Beginning with an introduction to Twitter literature and its definition, the study then focuses on the format in which literary tweets are provided, including the word count and length of the presentation of the literary work. Then, the literary subgenres that appeared on Twitter were criticised. The paper provides instances of literary accounts on Twitter and distinguishes the literary genres on Twitter. The study also discusses Twitter’s literary value in educating readers about a variety of literary works, particularly those who are uninterested in or uninterested in literature. Moreover, the distinction between reading literary works in their authentic forms vs their Twitter-based forms. The researcher contrasts the literary subgenres that are best suited for Twitter distribution. As a complement to the other well-known literary genres and in keeping with the varied, quick, and advanced modern day, the researcher concludes by presenting Twitter as one of the crucial literary genres of the new millennium that must be given significance and relevance. However, this study makes the case that Twitter might be. It is seen as an expression of an experimental platform for postmodern electronic literature that can ensure a revival of the steadily dwindling fantasy reading habit that is appealing to the generation of technology enthusiasts.

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to this Handbook’s central concern: the major lines of development of Irish fiction during the nineteenth, twentieth, and early twenty-first centuries. It sets out the book’s aims and objectives and provides cogent summaries of each of its chapters. In the process, it considers the significance of certain influential novelists and their works; highlights some of the distinctive thematic preoccupations of Ireland’s novelists and short story writers; discusses prominent literary trends and genres; and guides the reader through salient critical commentary. The analysis suggests that, in the hands of successive generations of Irish writers, the novel, the literary genre with newness at its etymological core, continually renews itself by absorbing, dethroning, and transforming precedent.

الخصائص الفنية في القصة القصيرة جدا دراسة لمجموعتي (قال کل شيء في الظلام، کحل عينيک صار خالا) للکاتب السعودي فهد إبراهيم البکر أسماء بنت صالح بن مطلق العمرو تخصص البلاغة والنقد، الأقسام الأدبية، کلية العلوم والآداب، جامعة القصيم، المملکة العربية السعودية البريد الإلکتروني: Asmaomro@gmail.com ملخص البحث القصة القصيرة جدا هي لون أدبي جديد لاقى شهرة، وانتشارا کبيرا بين أوساط الکتاب والمثقفين؛ وشهدت الساحة الأدبية السعودية، والعربية نموا مضطردا لهذ اللون ؛ لذا حاول النقاد وضع الأسس الحاکمة لهذا الجنس الأدبي الجديد، و الذي نشأ کنتاج للکثير من التغيرات الحادة التي أصابت العالم بسبب ذلک التسارع التکنولوجي المحموم على کافة الأصعدة سواء أکانت سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية أو ثقافية؛ ومن ثم تبع ذلک بالضرورة تغير في أشکال التعبير الأدبي، والأدب بوجه عام أحد أهم المکونات التي أصابها هذا التغيير، وکانت القصة القصيرة جدا أحد أبرز إفرازاته. لذا کانت هذه الدراسة للکشف عن الخصائص الفنية والجمالية في القصة السعودية القصيرة جدا، ومصادرها التي انتزعت منها، وتسليط الضوء على تقنيات القصة القصيرة جدا التي تفردت بها من ناحية استلهام التراث، الاقتصاد اللغوي/التکثيف والمفارقة وقد تم اختيار مجموعتي (قال کل شيء في الظلام، کحل عينيک صار خالا ) للکاتب السعودي فهد إبراهيم البکر– کعينة محدودة للبحث- لأنها تمثل المستوى الفني الناضج للقصة السعودية القصيرة جدا، وفهم حدودها النوعية والفنية، وقد نجح الکاتب د. فهد البکر في استخدام أساليب بلاغية وأسلوبية في الکتابة کتکثيف الصور واللحظات، والإيجاز، والتلميح، والتناص، والسخرية، الکوميديا السوداء والتي تعد أحد المکونات البلاغية للصورة القصصية القصيرة جدا بسبب طاقتها التعبيرية والإيحائية والرمزية، کما برع الکاتب في اختيار عناوين قصصه، وانتقاء مفرداته إذ جاءت هذه العناوين رمزية وموحية. The Technical Characteristics of the very Short Story, a Study of the two Collections (He Said everything in Darkness & The Blackness of your Eyes has become a Beauty Spot) by Fahd Ibrahim Al- Bakr; a Saudi Author By: Asmaa Bint Saleh Bin Mutlaq Al- Amro Majored in Rhetoric and Criticism Literary Departments College of Science and Arts Qassim University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail: Asmaomro@gmail.com Abstract The very short story is a new literary genre that has become widely popular with the communities of writers and intellectuals. Lately, the Arabic and Saudi literary scene has experienced growing development of such genre and that is why the critics have tried to lay the governing principles of this new literary genre which appeared as a result of variable changes that came over the world in consequence of the rapid technological advancement in all respects be they political, economic, social or cultural. Hence, a new change, necessarily, took place in the literary expression. In general, literature is one of the constituents that have been affected by such change. The very short story was one of the most outstanding by- products of that change. Accordingly, this research is designed to highlight the technical and poetic characteristics of the Saudi very short story, its sources and its unique style of inspiration derived from the literary heritage and the economy of language / the paradox of intensification. The two collections, (He Said everything in Darkness and The Blackness of your Eyes has become a Beauty Spot) by the Saudi author Fahd Ibrahim Al- Bakr, have been selected as a study sample in this research because they embody the mature literary example of the Saudi very short story in its artistic and technical attire. The author Dr. Fahd Al- Bakr has succeeded in utilizing rhetorical and stylistic techniques of writing as an intensification of images, moments, brevity, allusion, intertextuality, irony and dark comedy which is one of the rhetorical constituents of the narrative form of the very short story because of its expressionistic, suggestive and symbolic capabilities. Moreover, the author excelled in selecting titles for his collections as well as selecting the items of vocabulary as seen in the symbolic and suggestive titles.

At every intellectual developmental stage, literary genres appear that find suitable soil for growth, in which they cultivate their path and entrust them with their characteristics and characteristics, in order to seep into the cosmic space quietly and smoothly. They undermine it, limit it, and diminish its status and importance. Like everything new, he must fight his war to impose his literary self, which the writer generated from the womb of reality. Perhaps the nature of this contemporary materialistic time that we live in, and the rapid change taking place in it, affected many aspects of our lives; He made technology invade every home in the world, and turned cities and villages on earth into a small spot where nothing is hidden, thanks to progress and development in means of communication and transportation. What afflicted our material life affected our literary and cultural life, so we witnessed the emergence of new literary genres in their techniques, so we saw the novel, the play, then the article, the thought, the biography, the short story, and finally the very short story. And if it is logical to establish a relationship between the novel and the short story, then it is also logical to establish a relationship between the short story and the very short story. However, the distinction between these races is not valid only by looking at the size criterion only; The circumstances of the emergence of each race differ greatly from other races as well

This study aims to provide an extensive literature review of previous studies conducted to demonstrate and investigate the effectiveness of using literature in teaching and learning reading comprehension at the middle education level. Consequently, this literature review was conducted using a systematic approach, involving searches across multiple academic databases on the addressed topic, which resulted in highlighting twenty articles conducted between 2010 and 2021. The systematic review method included identifying relevant studies, evaluating their quality, and synthesizing their findings. Furthermore, the researchers divided the main findings into two groups: the first one focused on using short stories, and the second group included all other literary genres. Both groups showed the positive effect of using short stories, comic stories, or novels as an efficacious method in developing, teaching, and learning reading comprehension skills, especially for adolescents and children. Therefore, this study suggests using different literary genres such as children’s short stories, fiction, and plays in middle education classrooms and employing new reading techniques and strategies to further motivate students. In addition, it recommends using a larger population and random assignment when selecting samples for future studies.

U Thein Pe Myint is one of the most widely read authors in Burma today, with novels, travelogues, political writings, biographies and plays to his credit, as well as a considerable journalistic output. In addition to writing, he has always taken an active interest in politics and was formerly a politician. This duality of interests is reflected in his belief that literature may legitimately be used as propaganda for political purposes. This thesis presents a translation of eight short stories by Thein Pe Myint. The stories were written between 1934 and 1951 when the short story was becoming established as a literary genre in Burma. The aim of the translation has been to reproduce the spirit of the stories while keeping as close to the text as possible; when there are departures from the literal meaning of the text, these have been noted in the footnotes which are appended. The footnotes have also been used to elucidate linguistic and sociological points in the text, and to provide further background where necessary. The introductory section of the thesis contains a biography of Thein Pe Myint which shows how he has combined writing and politics in his career, and an account of the development of the short story as a literary genre in Burma, as well as a discussion of the stories translated, which form an interesting example of politically committed writing which is also successful as popular literature. Because of the absence of publishers' lists and the infrequency of book reviews in Burma, it was felt that it would be worthwhile to compile a full list of the author's writings, and this bibliography has therefore been included.

The purpose of the article is to examine the pilgrimage genre in literature as a social and communication guide in the world of contemporary sacred culture from a communication perspective. Different types of guidebooks are considered, i.e., interviews, travelogues, diaries, records, review texts, memoirs, notes, and pilgrimage travel notes are given as a necessary communication tool during a pilgrimage. The research methodology consists of descriptive (using observation and interpretation techniques), historical and literary, and biographical methods of analyzing pilgrimage literature. The author used the analytical-descriptive method, which consists in the selection, description and analysis of data; the system-structural method helped to arrange the works of different genres and apply them according to the subject in chronological order, reproducing the logical sequence of the material presented. The scientific novelty of the article involves expanding the concept of pilgrimage and the pilgrimage genre in literature as a social and communication guide to the world of contemporary sacred culture based on pilgrimage guides, diaries, memoirs, pilgrimage notes, and other sacred literature. Conclusions. In the article, the author examines the multi-genre works of pilgrimage literature as a communication guide to the sacred world in order to encourage the transformation from a book or a movie to a real pilgrimage for those who have such an opportunity. The article analyzes pilgrimage records, guidebooks, diaries, travelogues, novels, novellas, short stories, and pilgrimage notes to study pilgrimage from a communication perspective for different categories of pilgrims. As a rule, various categories of pilgrims and representatives of different professions go on sacred journeys, and then they write memoirs, pilgrimage texts, songs, scripts for future plays and films, and artists reproduce all details in artworks, and thus pilgrimage penetrates all spheres of an individual’s cultural life, which indicates the highly spiritual component of such journeys. Before going on a pilgrimage, you need to prepare thoroughly, both physically and spiritually, so that guides allow you to follow the trail of others and then plan your sacred journey relatively well. You will never return from a pilgrimage the same as you were before because such travels utterly change the vector of your life. Observing different groups of pilgrims, we can conclude that they all have one thing in common: spiritual enrichment, purification from sins and temptations, and the achievement of catharsis, which will be present in the everyday life of each of us for as long as possible. These works can keep living in ideas for film scripts about pilgrimage, thus expanding their socio-cultural horizons.

O conto “Notas ao pé da página”, de Moacyr Scliar, põe em cena algumas relações importantes entre escrita e autoria na contemporaneidade. Composta de cinco notas de um anônimo tradutor no rodapé de páginas em branco, a narrativa, com esse recurso, deixa vislumbrar a conturbada tensão entre o tradutor e o autor do texto, ao qual o leitor não tem acesso. A partir do conceito de “desplazamiento” proposto por Ricardo Piglia, pretende-se analisar em que medida as notas do tradutor e a invisibilidade do texto do autor traduzido podem ser compreendidas como características da narrativa contemporânea.

الملخص القص قديم قدم الإنسان، ومنتشر مع انتشار خطواته على أي أرض. وسيظل مفهوم القص الفني وأبنيته وعناصر تکوينه موضع جدل طويل بين النقاد والباحثين والمبدعين، فهو کغيره من الأجناس الأدبية يتعرض إلى عمليات تطور وتحول عارمة. والمعيار النقدى لفنية القصة کجنس أدبى له خصوصيته وتميز ملامحه، لم يتحدد إلا بعد انتشار القصة القصيرة بشکلها الفنى الجديد فى أرجاء أوروبا وأمريکا. ومنذ هذا الظهور المقنن لها حتى الآن، وجهود کتاب القصة القصيرة فى مختلف أرجاء العالم واجتهاداتهم لاتتوقف لإنضاج هذا الفن وتطويره وتمکينه من تجسيد الملامح الفنية والفکرية ، ومع انطلاق القصة القصيرة فى الصحافة المصرية وانتشارها والتفاف القراء حولها وتقصي النقاد لکل خطواتها، کانت هناک فى أرض الجزيرة العربية رايات جديدة ترفع، وترفع معها بدايات حقيقية للأدب الحديث فقد حرص الملک عبد العزيز(1924-1344)على إنشاء دور العلم، والصحف، وتصدرت المشهد جريد (صوت الحجاز 1350) وجريدة المنهل، وکان للاثنين الفضل والسبق في نشأة القصة فى المملکة العربية السعودية–تحديدا- ملازمة لظهور الصحافة. نقاط البحث:- المقدمة :- تستعرض مراحل القصة في مصر والمملکة العربية السعودية، والمعيار النقدي لها وتحليل النقاد والأدباء لبداية القصة السعودية . الأديب ظافر الجبير أنموذجا :-تحليل الأعمال الأولى -الناضجة -البناء القصصي -شعرية القصة القصيرة -الحالة الشعورية والإنسانية التي تتمحور حولها القصة . الصورة الفنية :-ترکيبة وجدانية تنتمي في جوهرها إلى عالم الوجدان . نهايات القصة القصيرة جدا :-تسلک مسلک درامي غير متوقع ، فيصطدم القارئ بنهاية هى بداية. المکان :-ليس له مکان بعد هيمنة قانون القصر على النص القصصي ذاته وعلى الزمان . الشخصيات :-إجمالا لاتحمل ما يقر بها للقارئ حتى يظل مستفزا على الدوام .وهى مضغوطة بلاصفات محددة تخلو من الأبعاد وليس لها وظيفة ولا انتماء ولاجنسية محددة. اللغة :-تتجدد لتحمل الجديد من الشحنات التعبيرية . الزمان:- ينفتح على مستقبل ممکن ، متداخل الماضي بالحاضر في لحظة واحدة الخاتمة Abstract The story is as old as humans, and is pervasive with its steps spread over any land. The concept of artistic storytelling, its structures and components of its formation will remain the subject of long debate among critics, researchers and creators, as it is, like other literary genres, subjected to massive development and transformation processes. And the critical criterion for the art of the story as a literary genre that has its own peculiarities and features, was not determined until after the short story in its new artistic form spread throughout Europe and America. Since this codified appearance of it until now, and the efforts of short story writers in various parts of the world and their efforts do not stop to mature and develop this art and enable it to embody artistic and intellectual features, and with the launch of the short story in the Egyptian press and its spread, readers gathered around it, and critics investigated all its steps. New Arab flags are raised, and with them are raised real beginnings of modern literature. King Abdul Aziz (1924-1344) was keen to establish the role of science and newspapers, and the scene topped the scene by Jarid (The Voice of Hijaz 1350) and Al-Manhal newspaper, and the two had the merit and precedence in the origin of the story in Saudi Arabia Specifically, it is inherent in the emergence of the press. Research points: - Introduction: - It reviews the stages of the story in Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, its critical standard and the analysis of critics and writers for the beginning of the Saudi story. The writer Dhafer Al-Jubeir is a model: - Analysis of the first works - mature - Structure fiction - Poetry of the short story - The emotional and human condition around which the story is centered. The artistic picture: an emotional combination that, in essence, belongs to the world of conscience. The very short story endings: - Behaves in an unexpected, dramatic course, so the reader collides with an end that is a beginning. The place: It has no place after the rule of the palace law over the story itself and over time. Characters: - In general, they do not carry what they acknowledge to the reader so that he will always be a provocation. They are pressed with specific qualities that are devoid of dimensions and have no function, affiliation, and specific nationality. Language: Renewed to bear the new expressive charges. Time: opens up to a possible future, intertwining the past with the present in one moment - Conclusion