Trialled IndoDairy Focus Farms as An Extension Approach for Smallholder Dairy Farmers in West Java Province, Indonesia

Locals feed resources are prime importance for ruminants raised in the tropic particularly low- quality roughages and agricultural crop-residues. Manipulating rumen fermentation through treatment of roughage, concentrate and strategic supplementation with organic acids could improve rumen efficiency by maintaining higher pH, optimum ammonia-nitrogen (NH -N), thus reducing methane (CH ) and increasing 3 4 microbial protein synthesis and essential volatile fatty acid (VFAs), for enhancing ruminant productivity in the tropics. The manipulation of rumen efficiency through the use of organic acids especially malate with local feeds would be an advantage. Indeed, organic acids potentially provide an alternative to currently used antimicrobial compounds by stimulating rather than inhibiting specific ruminal microbial populations. At the same time, local feed resources especially cassava chip could be used effectively at high level as an energy source for ruminants especially for beef and lactating cows. More recently, the combined use of concentrates containing high level of cassava chip with supplementation of sodium dl-malate and urea could improve rumen ecology and subsequent performance in dairy steers receiving urea-treated rice straw as a roughage. In addition, the high level of cassava chip in the diet resulted in increase population of bacteria and fungi, decreasing protozoal populations, and improving microbial protein synthesis and efficient microbial nitrogen supply in the rumen. Under these circumstances, malate was also effective in reducing the drop in ruminal pH normally seen 1 to 2 h after feeding a high-grain diet and improved cows performance efficiency. In summary, supplementation of organic acid like malate with local feed resources especially cassava chip or other carbohydrate sources with high rumen degradation would be a desirable alternative because there is no risk of developing antibiotic resistance or having unwanted residues appear in either meat or mil k products as well as improving ruminal fermentation efficiency and productivity in ruminants in the tropics.

Lainawa J, Santa NM, Pandey J, Bagau B. 2015. Utilization of local resource as industrial raw materials and alternative poultry feed to improve organic quail farm’s revenue in Sonder, District of Minahasa. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1 (2): 383-387. A limited supply of feed, in addition to baby chicks, is on of main problems in quail poultry. More than 80% of the total cost is spent on feed expenditure. Furthermore, farmers are suffering from the highly fluctuating price of the feed which is mostly supplied by big companies. It is, therefore, necessary to develop a new alternative of feed for quail farms from local resources. The purpose of research is to determine the type and amount of feed compositions required accordingly by the quails. Local resources were used, thus reducing the feeding cost, which consequently would increase the revenues. Furthermore, this might also open business opportunity in poultry feed industry. This research was conducted using trial and error method, by categorizing some local feed resources, then analyzing the composition of the feed. This study has obtained feed ingredients and composition which are suitable for quail farms. The feed is composed of corn flour, fine bran, coconut meat, and fish meal. In conclusion, the use of local feed resources in appropriate composition can increase revenue by 34.56%, thus the local resources can be used as raw materials for quail farm feed.

This study aimed to depict the distribution of potential district/city in East Java Province to develop native chicken based on analysis of regional potency and local feed resources. The results of this investigation will provide preliminary information and a general overview of the direction of native chicken development in East Java Province. The methods used were location quotient analysis, population growth analysis, and local feed potency using secondary data from the BPS-Statistics of East Java Province 2015-2019. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that there were 12 districts (Trenggalek, Jember, Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, Situbondo, Probolinggo, Sidoarjo, Nganjuk, Ngawi, Bojonegoro, Bangkalan, and Sumenep) and one city (Probolinggo) in East Java Province that potentially developed native chicken. This determination is because those regions being the basis of native chicken based on location quotient analysis, the population growth is always positive from 2015-2019, and had abundant local feed resources.

How societal expectations, new digital tools, andthe COVID crisis are driving a step-change in human centric remediation.

Development of local chicken production based on local feed ingredient is in line with the vision of Indonesian goverment to fulfill meat and egg national requirement based on local resources. There are two big problem which become stumblingblock in developing local chicken production. The first problem is the difficulty to get day old chick of local chicken. This problem can be solved by integrating breeder institutions belong to goverment with research institution and with local chicken producer association. The second problem is the low performance of local chicken. To improve local chicken performance, it can be done by improving the breed, feed and management. Several research results show that good performance of local chicken were obtained by inclusion of local feed ingredients in the ration. Therefore, development of local chicken production based an local feed resources can be applied. Key words: Development, local chicken, l ocal resources

Groundnut meal is used commercially as the main protein source for poultry diets in Sudan . Because of the higher price and scarcity of groundnut meal from time to time this study has been carried out to find alternative protein resources for poultry diets. Also, to contribute to the feed supply and to solve the problem of the limited availability of poultry feedstuffs in Sudan; Crude Protein (CP), Crude Fibre (CF), fat, Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE), Metabolizable Energy (ME); mineral content and amino acids composition have been determined for some non-conventional and local feed resources. Groundnut cake, sesame cake and sunflower cake had high CP contents (53.44, 44.42 and 31.57%) respectively, whereas baobab seed cake (Adansonia digitata L) had the lowest value (15.01%) among all plant samples. The highest ash value was recorded with earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) sample (43.5%) followed by Moleita Baladi (Sonchus oleraceus) (22.53%) and sesame cake (14.15%). Moringa oleifera seeds and leaves had the highest ME (12.39 and 11.88 MJ/kg), respectively. The greatest CF was observed with cotton seed cake (29.6%). The highest calcium percentage among all seeds cakes was recorded with sesame seed cake (1.93%). Moringa leaves had the greatest calcium value among the rest of the determined samples (2.70%). Sesame cake was the best sample for the phosphorus content (1.17%). The highest values of cooper, zinc and manganese were 109.86, 151.17 and 268.73 mg/kg, respectively. Those values were observed with earthworm. Sesame cake had the greatest value of methionine among all samples (1.29%), while baobab seed cake had the lowest one (0.19%). Earthworm and groundnut cake had the greatest lysine content 2.56 and 1.82%, respectively. Most of determined amino acids were above than 1% in all tested oil seed cakes. Although the amino acids contents in all tested samples were proportionally high, some of the samples had deficiency in particular amino acids. These results encourage the inclusion of several protein resources to avoid the amino acids deficiency when poultry diets are formulated. This study indicated that these non- conventional and local feed resources can be used in poultry diets in Sudan, but because of the presence of secondary compounds, the amount of the feedstuffs used should be decided through further research.

To improve the utilization efficiency of total mixed ration (TMR) on Tibetan plateau, the effects of different additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the ensiled TMR prepared with local feed resources were studied. A total of 150 experimental silos were prepared in a completely randomized design to evaluate the following treatments: (a) control; (b) Lactobacillus buchneri; (c) acetic acid; (d) propionic acid; (e) 1,2-propanediol; and (f) 1-propanol. After 90days of ensiling, silos were opened for fermentation quality and in vitro parameters analysis, and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 14days. The acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol treatments increased (p<.05) pH and acetic acid content, and lowered (p<.05) the lactic acid production in comparison to control. There were no statistically significant differences in in vitro digestibility parameters among the treatments. Treatments of acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol substantially improved the aerobic stability of the ensiled TMR, as indicated by almost unchanged pH and lactic acid contents throughout the aerobic exposure test. These results indicated that acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol had no adverse effect on in vitro digestibility and could be effective additives for enhancing the aerobic stability of ensiled TMR prepared on Tibetan plateau.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of different additives on the fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) prepared with local feed resources in Tibet, China. Additives added to FTMR were Lactobacillus buchneri (1 × 106 cfu/g fresh weight (FW)), acetic acid (0.3% FW), propionic acid (0.4% FW), 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol (0.5% FW). FTMR were opened after 90 days and subjected to a 14‐d aerobic stability test. The results showed that L. buchneri, 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol increased (P &lt; 0.05) pH values and acetic acid concentrations and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) lactic acid concentrations in FTMR. Adding acetic acid decreased (P &lt; 0.05) lactic/acetic acid ratio. FTMR treated with propionic acid had higher (P &lt; 0.05) lactic acid, propionic acid and DM recovery compared with the other treatments. Treating FTMR with acetic acid, 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol decreased (P &lt; 0.05) yeast counts. The in vitro potential gas production tended to be lower in L. buchneri‐treated silage than other silages. During aerobic exposure, FTMR treated with propionic acid spoiled first, with marked pH increase and lactic acid decrease from days 9 to 14. Treatment with L. buchneri, acetic acid, 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol markedly improved the aerobic stability, as indicated by nearly unchanged pH and lactic acid concentrations. The results suggest that L. buchneri, acetic acid, 1,2‐propanediol and 1‐propanol did not adversely affect the in vitro digestibility and could be effective additives for enhancing the aerobic stability of FTMR prepared on Tibetan plateau.

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337±19.8kg body weight, aged 3-4years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral-vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral-vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.

This study was carried out to assess the nutrient composition of some unconventional and local feed resources available in Senegal so as to use them as protein supplement sources in the diets of indigenous chickens to enhance their productivity. Ten (10) unconventional and local ingredients from Senegal including leguminous leaves (Leuceana leucocephala, Cassia tora, Moringa oleifera, Adansonia digitata, Sesbania rostrata), cucurbit (Citrullus vulgaris) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seeds, red and white cowpea (Vigna unguiculata seeds) and cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) were collected, sun-dried, processed into meal and analyzed for their chemical and macro-mineral composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples Dry Matter (DM) percent ranged from 89.3% (red cowpea) to 94.9% (C. vulgaris). The Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 24.7% (white cowpea) to 61.9% (cockroaches meal), with A. digitata leaves having the lowest value (12.9%). Citrullus and Hibiscus seeds meal recorded the highest (38.8% and 18.9%) Ether Extract (EE) values, followed respectively by cockroaches (11.1%), Moringa (9.8%), Leuceana (6.4%) and Sesbania leaves meal (5.1%), while the others were below 4.5%. The crude fiber (CF) content was globally high in the leaves, ranging from 11.7% (M. oleifera) to 16.8% (C. tora) while that of seeds and cockroaches ranged from 1.9% (white cowpea) to 19% (Citrullus seeds). A. digitata leaves gave the highest ash content (25.2%), followed by Cassia (15.2%), Moringa (13.6%), Leuceana (11.4%) and Sesbania leaves (7.1%), while the others were below 5.6%. The metabolizable energy (ME) value calculated for seeds and cockroaches meal ranged from 3161 kcal/kg DM (cockroaches) to 4270 kcal/kg DM (C. vulgaris) and that of leaves from 1873 (A. digitata) to 2888.9 kcal/kg DM (M. oleifera). Cassia leaves contained the highest level of calcium (3.1%), followed by Adansonia and Leuceana (1.81%), Moringa and Sesbania leaves (1.41%), whilst cockroaches, Hibiscus and Citrullus seeds meal recorded respectively 0.93, 0.81 and 0.55% of phosphorus. These results showed that all the ingredients samples contained appreciable quantities of all dietary nutrients tested for which more or less make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources.

In livestock production, feed resources are very crucial, particularly in Africa where food security and sustainable development are major considerations. The incorporation of locally available novel feed resource alternatives can promote circular economy concepts, increase food security, and improve sustainable livestock production. This review attempts to compile the most recent information on the use of locally available novel feed sources found in Africa while assessing their potential benefits for circular economy principles and sustainable livestock production. We conducted a thorough literature search to find appropriate publications that were published between 2010 and 2022. The search was done using keywords relating to local novel feed resources, sustainable development, circular economy, livestock feed, and food security across a number of research databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. After the search and screening, relevant publications were chosen for inclusion based on their applicability to this review design, topicality (Africa), and regional focus. This review discovered a wide range of locally available novel feed resources, such as native plants, agricultural byproducts, food processing byproducts, and weeds, all of which have the potential to serve as alternative supplements or substitute feed sources for livestock. These resources frequently have a good nutritional composition and advantageous phytochemicals and can be obtained locally, decreasing reliance on foreign feed components. By exploiting locally accessible resources, the inclusion of these materials in livestock feed has significant potential to enhance livestock performance, lower production costs, and promote circular economy concepts in Africa. African countries' sustainable food security and circular economies stand to gain significantly from the use of locally available novel feed resources in livestock feed. However, further investigation is required to determine their nutritional worth, safety, and the best inclusion rates in livestock rations. For their implementation to be effective, it will also be essential to comprehend the socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental elements impacting their adoption. This review offers a thorough synthesis of the body of research, emphasizing the value of locally available novel feed sources in improving the production of livestock and advancing Africa's sustainable development targets.

The feed included in the rations should provide the necessary nutrients to young animals, mature animals, as well as females during pregnancy and lactation. Universal basic formulations that can be given to all groups of rabbits are currently offered by a number of large industrial feed producers. However, their high cost, and most importantly, not always the proper quality, put rabbit-breeding enterprises in front of the need to produce them independently in accordance with a recipe developed taking into account local available feed resources, which allow improving the economic performance of production. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of fattening young rabbits using experimental complete compound feed with averaged indicators for different technological groups of animals in terms of protein content (16,0 %) and increased fiber content (17,5 %) in conditions industrial technology. Under the conditions of the Kostroma region, research has been carried out and a scientific justification has been given for the effect of experimental compound feed on the productive indicators and physiological state of fattening young rabbits under the conditions of industrial technology. The economic justification of the use of experimental compound feed under the conditions of an industrial rabbit breeding enterprise was given. The scientific justification for the effectiveness of using experimental compound feed with average indicators for different technological groups of rabbits in terms of protein content (16,0 %) and increased fiber content (17,5 %), made taking into account local available feed resources, in comparison with the technological scheme involving the use of different types of compound feed for lactating, suckling females and young has been provided in the paper. Calculations of economic efficiency have shown that it is most profitable to fatten young rabbits using experimental compound feed, which ensures the profitability of meat production at the level of 13,4 %, which exceeded the indicator of the control group by 2,3 abs.%.

Realising the very need of women empowerment and development, the present study has been undertaken to explore the efficiency of different women stakeholder selection processes namely through panchayat, farm and home visit, self-help group and farmer’s club with respect to adoption of innovation. The study was conducted in five villages of Coochbehar-II block of Coochbehar district in West Bengal. Purposive as well as multistage and random sampling procedure were followed in the present study. The adoption percentage was considered as the response variable and the other attributes of women stakeholders were considered as the antecedent variables for the study. The data were collected with the help of structured schedule through personal interview method. The statistical methods used for the analysis of the data were frequency, percentage, ranking and t-test. In the present study, it was found that variation in age is responsible for a significant variation among the women stakeholders selected by panchayat and farm and home visit. Likewise, the attribute education accounts for a significant difference among the women stakeholders selected by panchayat and farm and home visit, also among the women stakeholders selected through panchayat and self-help group as well as among those selected by farm and home visit and farmer’s club. In case of women stakeholders’ caste, the significant mean differences are observed in case of panchayat and farm and home visit selection processes, panchayat and farmer’s club selection processes, farm and home visit and self-help group selection processes and farm and home visit and farmer’s club selection processes. A significant mean difference is also observed, on the basis of women stakeholders’ occupation, in between panchayat and farmer’s club selection processes. Almost similar type of significant differences among the four different women stakeholder selection processes are evidenced in case of selected women stakeholders’ family size, annual income, house type, animal size, attitude towards adoption, risk orientation, training need assessed and adoption percentage. A significant difference is also revealed in case of women stakeholders’ farm size selected by self-help group and farmer’s club. It is also found from the present study that women stakeholder selection process through self-help group is much more effective than other selection procedures being studied in case of adopting an innovation. In search of the training need of the women stakeholders, the most preferred areas of training by the women stakeholders were scientific orchard management, followed by floriculture, improved poultry and duckery breed rearing, cattle feed rearing, tailoring and pisciculture.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12472 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 180-183

Thirty-two teachers from 10 preschools in Cisalak subdistrict, Subang district, West Java province, Indonesia, received a two-day training on Balance Nutrition and My Plate in February 2018. The main messages underlined in the training were consume a variety of foods, drink enough water daily, wash your hands with soap, be physically active, and monitor your body weight. The training was followed by an eight-week implementation period to preschoolers aged 3 to 6 y. The knowledge of the teachers increased by up to 33 percentage points (average score: 69 to 82 pre- vs. posttest) after training, and the teachers answered correctly to the same questions 15 mo later. The mothers' knowledge increased by up to 37 percentage points after parenting sessions. All seven teaching aids provided were used by end-line, but their usage decreased after seven months (range: 2 to 7) and further decreased by 12 mo postintervention (range: 2 to 5). A teacher's handbook and a flipchart were the two aids persistently used. The practices of washing hands with soap, bringing healthy packed lunches, and monitoring weight and height continued after 12 mo postintervention. Dissemination of Balance Nutrition knowledge to fellow teachers of the same school, colleagues from different schools, or to representatives of preschool associations was evident. Training should be scaled up to the district level, using trained teachers as trainers and adopting a cascade training method. National roll-out by teachers' associations, in collaboration with the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health, could improve the knowledge of over 200,000 preschool teachers and potentially improve the nutrition of 19 million preschoolers.

The national strategy for accelerating the reduction of stunting in Indonesia reaches 14% in 2024. One of the provinces with stunting prevalence exceeding the national figure is West Java Province (31%). Stunting toddlers experience failure to thrive when their height is less than their age standard. Nutrition and sanitation factors are key indicators as essential criteria that must be achieved at the family level to prevent stunting. This study aimed to examine the relationship between nutrition and sanitation aspects on the incidence of stunting in children under five in Bogor District. The study used a cross-sectional study on 100 childrens aged 0-59 months living in the Bogor district selected by proportional random sampling technique. Stunting was measured using an anthropometric index (body length/height according to age. Measurement of nutrition and sanitation aspects included: 1) Nutrition indicators, namely balanced nutrition practices, quantitative food intake (food frequency questionnaire), 2) sanitation indicators, including personal hygiene practices and availability sanitation facilities. Sociodemographic characteristics were measured using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariate using SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that practicing balanced nutrition was related to stunting in children under five (p = 0.046). Meanwhile, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, and sanitation were not associated with stunting (p=&gt;0.05). Health promotion related to the four principles of balanced nutrition for mothers of children under five is expected to reduce the prevalence of stunting.