Abstract
The present study attempted to investigate the trends of mean annual temperature, precipitation, and streamflow changes to determine their relationships in the upper Huai river basin. The Mann–Kendall (MK), Sen’s slope test estimator, and innovative trend detection (ф) (ITA) methods were used to detect the trends. According to the findings, average annual precipitation shows a descending trend (ф = −0.17) in most stations. An increasing trend was found only in Fuyang station (ф = 1.02). In all stations, the trends of mean annual temperature (ф = 0.36) were abruptly increased. During the past 57 years, the mean air temperature has considerably increased by 12°C/10a. The river streamflow showed a dramatic declining trend in all stations for the duration of the study period (1960–2016) (ф = −4.29). The climate variability in the study region affects the quantity of the streamflow. The river streamflow exhibits decreasing trends from 1965 onwards. The main possible reason for the declining stream flow in the study area is the declining amount of precipitation on some specific months due to the occurrence of climate change. The outcomes of this study could create awareness for the policymakers and members of the scientific community, informing them about the hydroclimatic evolutions across the study basin, and become an inordinate resource for advanced scientific research.
Highlights
On land and water surface, global mean temperatures have increased over the past three spans [1]
Innovative trend analysis method (ITA) divides a time series into two equal parts, and it sorts both subseries in ascending order [16]. e Mann–Kendall trend test (MK) proposed by Kendall and Mann is a nonparametric test [17]. e MK is used to quantify the significance of trends in hydrometeorological time series
Positive and negative tendencies were revealed by MK test estimator, IT analysis, and Sen’s slope test estimator
Summary
On land and water surface, global mean temperatures have increased over the past three spans [1]. Studying the trends of precipitation temperature and streamflow has infinite use for scientists identifying the spatial and temporal variability and management of inadequate water resources for future economic development. Some studies suggest that the alterations of hydroclimate variables demonstrate a highly assorted pattern in spatial-temporal trends at regional and global scales because of the natural resource difference. These climatic variabilities will have unforeseen consequences with respect to the frequency and intensity of temperature and precipitation variability [9, 10]. E investigation into time serious changes of annual streamflow, precipitation, and temperature beginning combines historical hydroclimatic data from 1960 to 2016 with multiple trend test estimators (Mann–Kendall (MK), innovative trend analysis method (ITA), and Sen’s slope estimator test) to bring accuracy and to assure the reliability of the results by using different widely acceptable methods [14]. e specific objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the relationships and trends of climate variables and streamflow for the past 56 years and (2) to assess the temporal variability of temperature, precipitation, and streamflow
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