Abstract
ObjectivesTo provide a comprehensive assessment of the estimated burden and trend of urolithiasis at the global, regional, and national levels.MethodsThe age-standardized rates (ASRs) of the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of urolithiasis from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify the temporal trends in urolithiasis burden.ResultsIn 2019, the ASRs of the incidence and DALYs were 1,394.03/100,000 and 7.35/100,000, respectively. The ASRs of the incidence and DALYs of urolithiasis decreased from 1990 to 2019 with EAPCs of −0.83 and −1.77, respectively. Males had a higher burden of urolithiasis than females. In 2019, the highest burden of urolithiasis was observed in regions with high–middle sociodemographic index (SDI), particularly in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. The burden of urolithiasis increased in most countries or territories. The burden of urolithiasis and SDI had a non-linear relationship, and the estimated value of urolithiasis burden was the highest when the SDI value was ~0.7.ConclusionGlobally, the ASRs of the incidence and DALYs of urolithiasis decreased from 1990 to 2019, but an increasing trend was observed among many countries. More effective and appropriate medical and health policies are needed to prevent and early intervene in urolithiasis.
Highlights
Urolithiasis, which is the formation of calculi or stones in the urinary tract, is a common urinary system disease that affects 10–15% of the world’s population (1)
Scientific evidence agrees with the harmful role of high meat/animal protein intake and low-calcium diets in stone formation and the protective role of fruits and vegetable intake, balanced intake of low-fat dairy products, high fluid intake with a preference for strong tea, and physical exercise (4)
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is a standard indicator used to quantify burden, was calculated by adding years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD) (8)
Summary
Urolithiasis, which is the formation of calculi or stones in the urinary tract, is a common urinary system disease that affects 10–15% of the world’s population (1). The symptoms and high recurrence rate of urolithiasis greatly affect the quality of life of patients and increased the risk of comorbidities, such as fractures, renal dysfunction, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (2). Urolithiasis has become a great burden on public health. Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease influenced by diet, lifestyle, environment, and genetics. Scientific evidence agrees with the harmful role of high meat/animal protein intake and low-calcium diets in stone formation and the protective role of fruits and vegetable intake, balanced intake of low-fat dairy products, high fluid intake with a preference for strong tea, and physical exercise (4). Obesity, and diabetes have been proven to be related to a higher risk of stone formation in several large prospective studies (5). Sound and up-to-date evidence at the national level is essential to reflect the impact of public health policies and the provision of health care (8)
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