Abstract
A general overview of the trends in structural and thermodynamic properties that have been identified within the hydrated normal rare earth carbonates and the rare earth hydroxycarbonates is presented. Based upon available literature, we demonstrate the trends in crystallographic unit cell parameters, thermal stability, aqueous solubility, and thermochemical properties. These trends can be attributed to both the unique chemistry and strong similarity of the rare earth elements. There are also inconsistent trends that signal research needs to better understand the structure–energy relationships of the rare earth carbonates.
Highlights
The rare earth elements have made their way into many aspects of modern life
The purpose of this study is to present the most common synthesis methods of the rare earth carbonates, their crystallographic structure, thermochemical data, aqueous behavior, and thermal stability
Decomposition synthesis, known as homogeneous precipitation, create the rare earth carbonates by increasing the effective concentration of aqueous CO2 /carbonate ions in solutions via the decomposition of rare earth organic salts or soluble organic compounds at elevated temperatures
Summary
The rare earth elements have made their way into many aspects of modern life. From the gasoline in automobiles, the ubiquitous mobile phones, speakers, lights, to energy production, the rare earth elements are indispensable to current standards of living and technology. CO2 , H2 O, pressure, and temperature conditions is crucial to understanding the geochemistry and distribution of rare earths in natural systems This is important to nuclear fuel applications, as certain lanthanides are the fission products of nuclear fuels and other lanthanides, such as neodymium, serve as chemical homologues in studying the distribution of radioactive actinides in natural CO2 -H2 O hydrothermal systems [16,17,18,19]. The purpose of this study is to present the most common synthesis methods of the rare earth carbonates, their crystallographic structure, thermochemical data, aqueous behavior, and thermal stability Through this treatment, we will find trends that can be attributed to the unique chemistry of the rare earth elements and identify inconsistencies and research needs in the current body of literature
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