Trends in governance structure and activities among not-for-profit U.S. hospitals: 2009-2015.

This study seeks to furnish empirical evidence that the inclusion of females on the board of commissioners and directors impacts investment efficiency, and that the company's life cycle moderates this influence on firm investment efficiency. The sample technique employed is purposive sampling. The sample comprised all non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2021, yielding a total of 2,694 observations. The analytical approach employs panel data regression analysis. The study's findings empirically indicate that the presence of females on the board of directors and commissioners does not significantly affect investment efficiency, while the company's life cycle moderation variable exerts an independent influence on investment efficiency. The company's life cycle interaction may influence the representation of women on the board of directors, but it does not affect their representation on the board of commissioners.

The organs and functions of a limited liability company are controlled by Company Law No. 40 of 2007 Governing Limited Liability Companies (UU PT). The tasks of executing and supervising have been distinguished. The board of directors is in charge of the company's day-to-day operations, while the board of commissioners oversees the board of directors. In reality, however, the board of commissioners participates in the board of director activities or performs board of director tasks. This study aims to analyze the functions of commissioners and how they should be carried out in compliance with the laws and regulations governing corporate governance. Primary, secondary, and additional data are used in this study. The study found that the board of commissioners' role should be based on the Limited Liability Company Act. The board of commissioners serves as the board of directors' supervisor. Because shareholders also serve on the board of commissioners, the board of commissioners is involved in the operation of the board of directors. The Board of Commissioners' involvement in the Board of Directors' activities must be severely limited by the Board of Directors. If it turns out that the commissioners' activities are detrimental to the shareholders, the Board of Directors can bring this to a general meeting of shareholders and hold them accountable.

Purpose of the study: The objectives of this research are (a) to determine association of gender diversity on boards of commissioners and boards of directors, risk management and infrastructure investment in non-core business to earnings persistence; (b) to find out whether strategy choices could moderate association of gender diversity of the board of commissioners and board of directors, risk management and infrastructure investment in non-core business to earnings persistence.
 Methodology: This research used multiple regression with five years of observation (2011-2015) and used IBM SPSS statistic version 22 to test the hypotheses. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The results obtained 79 companies from the selection that met the criteria and hence, the total observations are 395 samples.
 Findings: This research found that gender diversity on board of directors had a positive effect on earning persistence and investment in non-core business had a negative impact on earning persistence. On the other hand, there was no direct effect of diversity gender on board of commissioners and risk management to earning persistence. However, when gender diversity on board of commissioners combined with the type of prospector strategy, it had a positive effect on earnings persistence, so did risk management.
 Novelty/Originality: This study has a practical contribution to shareholders, investors, board, and academics. This paper underlines that women should be courageous to take part in the business either as a board of commissioners or directors, and the company should provide wider opportunities for women. An investor should carefully with the companies’ strategic choice. This study also has an empirical contribution to filling the literature gap of factors that influence the earnings persistence beyond financial factors. There are limited researches that examined earning persistence, which includes risk management, investment in non-core business infrastructure and strategy as variables.

Earnings management remains a relevant research issue due to the separation of ownership and control, which creates agency conflicts. Earnings management can be reduced by implementing effective corporate governance. One of its aspects is governance structure, which includes the board of commissioners, board of directors, and audit committee. This study aims to examine the effect of the proportion of women on the board of commissioners, board of directors, and audit committee on earnings management. The sample includes 363 non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, with an observation period from 2016 to 2023; these were selected using purposive sampling and analyzed through panel data regression. This study shows that the proportion of women on the board of directors and audit committee has a negative effect on earnings management, while the proportion of women on the board of commissioners does not affect earnings management. The presence of women comprising at least 35% on the combined board of directors and audit committee negatively affects earnings management. However, this study does not find any significant effect of the presence of women comprising at least 35% in a single position or in combined positions on earnings management. These findings provide practical implications for company management to enhance women's representation, especially on the board of directors and audit committee, thereby reducing the likelihood of earnings management.

The objective of the study is to identify the effect of board of directors’ size, board of commissioners' size, audit committee and board of independent commissioner’s proportion towards the financial performance of mining companies that listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2017. The background of the study is the essence of the successful implementation of Good Corporate Governance through the internal mechanism such as board of directors, board of commissioners and audit committee. The researcher used Return on Investment (ROI) as measurement of company’s financial performances. Method used in this study is empirical study. The researcher used secondary data that had been gathered from the Indonesian Stock Exchange (ISE). The data used in this study are 28 mining companies listed in ISE with their financial information from 2013 to 2017. To analyses those data, the researcher used statistics tool SPSS and used multiple linier regression analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the board of directors’ size has positive effect towards the financial performance of the sampled company. On the other hand, the result of the analysis also shows that board of commissioners' size, audit committee size and board of independent commissioners’ proportion has no effect towards the financial performance of the sampled companies.

This study used audit fees as a moderating variable to examine how gender diversity on the board of directors, board of commissioners, and audit committee affects the quality of financial statements. In this study, financial statements for a sample of LQ 45 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021 were employed to collect the data, which were then analyzed using Eviews 9. Gender diversity of the board of commissioners, board of directors, committee board audit, employed the percentage of the number of the board of directors, board of commissioners, female audit committee compared to the total number, audit fee to logarithmic audit fee, and quality of financial statements to proxy for Discretionary Accrual modified by Jones model. The findings demonstrate that gender and women play a key role in the Corporate Governance process, particularly on the board of directors, board of commissioners, and audit committee. The role of women in supervision, such as the board of commissioners and audit committee, was able to enhance the quality of the company's financial statements, despite the inability of the board of directors' to increase the quality of financial statements when examined. The role of women in supervision, such as the board of commissioners and audit committee, was able to improve the quality of the company's financial statements, despite the board of directors' ability to increase the quality of financial statements in their function not being examined. The role of audit fees also appeared to be pivotal in overseeing the quality of the presentation of the financial statements of the company. Service fees are procured for carrying out financial statement audit services and detecting the possibility of fraud committed by the board of directors. If the audit fee is compensated highly, it tends to be more professional, therefore minimizing Discretional Accrual and strengthening the supervision carried out by the board of commissioners and female audit committee. Similarly, it can enhance the quality of financial reports. The findings of this study will: (1) give investors, professionals, and stakeholders’ information about the factors that affect gender diversity; (2) give capital market authorities guidelines for taking into account gender diversity on corporate boards of directors, commissions, and audit committees while taking into account the effect on the quality of financial reports; and (3) help accountants in developing countries like Indonesia develop more suitable accounting guidelines. This study contributes to the gender diversity literature. Additionally, this study adds to and broadens the literature by presenting empirical data from a single emerging market, such as Indonesia, on the impact of audit fees and gender diversity between gender diversity and financial reporting quality, as this relationship has not previously been studied.

The goal of this research is to investigate how the influence of the board of commissioners and the board of directors on market performance is mediated by the disclosure of Islamic social reporting. The population under investigation is made up of all the businesses that are listed on the Sharia Stock Index. The researchers employed the proportionate random sampling approach to select 778 organizations out of the minimal sample of 472 companies, as determined by the sample calculation findings using G*power. The structural equation model (SEM) is the analytical technique employed in this study. The research's hypothesis test result suggests that the board of directors and commissioners greatly improves Islamic Social Reporting. The market's performance is significantly enhanced by the commissioners and board of directors. Business performance increases significantly with Islamic Social Reporting. The board of directors and board of commissioners significantly improve market performance through Islamic Social Reporting. This research adds value by offering fresh perspectives on how the Board of Directors and Commissioners' roles can affect a company's performance in the market when ISR principles are applied. The research's practical implication is that businesses can utilize it to inform the development of improved corporate governance and social responsibility policies and strategies.

This study aims to investigate the significant positive effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the board of directors' size, and the board of commissioners' size on financial performance, as well as to assess whether institutional ownership functions as a moderating variable that strengthens the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The research utilizes secondary data derived from the annual reports and sustainability reports of mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2020–2023. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method, and the data were analyzed using panel data regression with EViews software. The results indicate that CSR has a positive and significant influence on financial performance, while the board of directors' size does not show a significant effect. Conversely, the board of commissioners' size exerts a positive and significant impact on financial performance. Moreover, institutional ownership is found to moderate the relationship between CSR and financial performance, but does not moderate the relationship between the board of directors or board of commissioners and financial performance. Based on these findings, future research is encouraged to broaden the scope of industries and the length of the observation period, incorporate additional relevant variables, categorize institutional ownership, and explore alternative moderating variables.

One thing that must be ascertained is whether the debt transaction for renting the house is carried out on behalf of the Limited Company (PT) in question or not. The problem you are asking is easier to understand if the context of the answer to that question is that the transaction is carried out on behalf of PT. Taking into account the above, it is likely that the transaction is a transaction relating to the facilities of the members of the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners. By taking into account the context on behalf of the PT, the legitimacy of the above transactions does not only cover the formal aspects (complete fulfillment of the provisions of the Articles of Association by the Board of Directors as representatives of the PT and/or corporate approval) but also concerns the material aspects (seeing whether the personal interests of the Board of Directors or Commissioners conflict with interests/intentions and objectives of PT). This is based on the fact that a PT can act if there is an individual who runs it, in this case the Board of Directors as management. In the event that: (i) it turns out that the Board of Directors representing the PT is legitimate from the formal and material aspects, and (ii) it turns out that the circumstances in which each member of the Board of Directors or Commissioners has the right to receive the above facilities have been regulated in the Company Regulations of the PT, and (iii) it turns out that as an entity The PT has not paid the lease debt, then the PT is the one who fully bears the lease debt regardless of whether or not there is a replacement or change in the composition of the members of the Board of Directors or the Board of Commissioners. On the other hand, the PT is not responsible for the actions of the Board of Directors which, although formally on behalf of the PT, have materially proven to be contrary to or outside the interests of PT. Shareholders should not receive the same facilities because they do not function as management (Directors; in Article 79 UUPT) or supervisors (Commissioners; in Article 97 UUPT) of the PT, but as capital holders (investors) who expect profits/benefits from the acquisition. dividend distribution. Even if there is such a transaction through PT and a third party, then the transaction is a special relationship transaction whose fairness assessment tends to be more of a concern according to the applicable accounting standards. If the PT wants to bear indirectly, then the type of transaction should also be a loan to shareholders. If it is a material transaction, then the shareholder in connection with the PT's actions against a third party may also be personally liable in the event that his/her actions regarding the transaction meet one of the criteria (stipulations) of Article 3 Paragraph (2) of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. So, transactions that are not on behalf of the PT are definitely the personal responsibility of each member of the Board of Directors or CommissionersKeywords: Limited Liability Company, General Meeting of Shareholders

This study aims to see how far the application of GCG in Islamic banking in Indonesia. Because the Sharia Bank is a bank whose application of activities is different from conventional banks. Where one of the differences is the existence of a Sharia Supervisory Board that ensures the activities of banks based on sharia. Then a study of Islamic banks was conducted during 2014 until 2018. The method used was ANOVA and Panel Data Regression. The research results show that in the average test it was found that the application of GCG to Islamic banks was 'good', not yet able to reach the 'very good' level. In the panel test a number of points were found. First in general testing, the Board of Commissioners and Directors significantly influence GCG, while the Sharia Supervisory Board does not show significant results. In testing the fixed effect it was found that the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners were not significant indicating that both the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners had similarities in their various decisions. While the Sharia Supervisory Board showed significant results which meant that DPS had differences in their decisions. In the results of the time analysis it was found that the implementation of the GCG function did not change from time to time. It was found that the influence of individual banks was significant, while the influence of individual years was not significant.

This research investigates the impact of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on the financial performance of property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2018 to 2023. Key governance variables include the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership. A quantitative associative method was utilized, with data collected from the annual reports of 31 property companies selected via purposive sampling. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS 25 software. The study reveals that the board of commissioners, board of directors, and audit committee positively and significantly affect financial performance. Conversely, institutional and managerial ownership show a significant negative impact. These findings underscore the importance of effective governance structures in enhancing company performance. Larger boards of commissioners and directors, along with an active audit committee, contribute to better financial outcomes. However, higher levels of institutional and managerial ownership may lead to decisions that negatively affect performance. Good Corporate Governance practices significantly influence the financial performance of property companies. This research provides valuable insights for improving governance frameworks to enhance financial health in the property sector.

This paper aimed to examine how the commissioners board and the board of directors impact tax avoidance, while also considering gender diversity as a moderating factor. This study analyzes all coal industry companies listed on the IDX (2020-2022) using purposeful sampling (48 data points). Multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) were employed to examine variable relationships and moderating effects. The t-test results showed a noteworthy impact from both the board of commissioners and the board of directors on tax evasion. The significance value for the board of commissioners' impact was 0.014, which was below the threshold of 0.05. Similarly, the significance value for the board of directors' impact was 0.037, also below the threshold of 0.05. This suggests that both governing bodies had a noteworthy effect on tax avoidance. The F-test indicated that both the board of commissioners and the board of directors had a significant impact on tax avoidance as their significance values were less than 0.05. This suggests that both boards had a combined influence on tax avoidance. Additionally, the MRA test demonstrated that the inclusion of gender diversity in the board of commissioners led to a notable effect on tax avoidance, with a significance level lower than 0.05. Likewise, the presence of various genders in the board of directors had a notable impact on tax evasion, with a significance level lower than 0.05. These findings suggest that gender diversity may influence the dynamics between the board of commissioners, board of directors, and tax avoidance practices.

This study examines the impact of corporate governance and leverage on financial distress in non-cyclicals sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021 to 2023. Using a quantitative approach, multiple linear regression analysis is applied to assess the influence of institutional ownership, managerial ownership, the board of directors, the board of commissioners, independent commissioners, the audit committee, and leverage on financial distress that measured by the Altman Z-score model. The sample selected using purposive sampling based on specific criteria. The findings reveal that the board of directors, independent commissioners and leverage affect financial distress, underscoring their pivotal roles in corporate financial stability. The board of directors' strategic financial decisions directly influence a firm's fiscal health, while high leverage exacerbates financial distress due to excessive debt burdens. Conversely, institusional ownership, managerial ownership, the board of commissioners and the audit committee do not affect financial distress, likely due to their advisory and oversight roles rather than direct involvement in financial management. These findings contribute to the discourse on corporate governance and financial distress, offering insights for policymakers, investors, and corporate leaders.

This study aims to examine the turnover of the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee, and independent board of directors on the disclosure of sustainability reports. In this study turnover was measured using member recruitment and member removal. The sample in this study amounted to 135 samples from 45 financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2016-2018 period. The analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis using STATA 13. The results of this study found that the recruitment of the board of commissioners, the board of directors, and the audit committee have a significant effect on disclosure of sustainability reports. The recruitment of an independent board of directors has no significant effect on disclosure of sustainability reports. While the removals of board of commissioners and directors have no effect. This study provides a new understanding of corporate governance in which the recruitment of members of the board of commissioners and directors will affect the disclosure of corporate sustainability reports. This study uses a new measure, that is the recruitment and removal of members of the board of commissioners and directors.

General Background: Gender diversity and women's leadership have become critical topics in corporate governance, especially in relation to firm performance. Specific Background: While previous studies have focused on gender diversity’s effects, few have explored the specific influence of gender diversity within the boards of directors and commissioners, particularly in the Indonesian context. Knowledge Gap: The literature lacks clarity on how gender diversity in these distinct leadership roles impacts firm performance in emerging markets like Indonesia. Aims: This study examines the effect of gender diversity on the board of directors, board of commissioners, and women's leadership on firm performance, focusing on manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018-2022. Results: The findings indicate that gender diversity on the board of directors negatively affects firm performance, while gender diversity on the board of commissioners has a significant positive effect. Female leadership was also found to negatively influence firm performance. Novelty: This study reveals that the impact of gender diversity varies depending on the leadership position, highlighting that while diversity in oversight roles (board of commissioners) can improve performance, diversity in executive roles (board of directors) may have a different effect. Implications: The results suggest that firms and policymakers need to consider the specific context of board roles when promoting gender diversity, as its effects may differ across organizational structures. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of balancing gender diversity initiatives with the decision-making processes within boards to optimize performance outcomes.