Trend and Future Prospect of Aggregate Production in Japan

For nearly two decades the U.S. economy has been plagued by two disturbing economic trends: the slowdown in the growth rates of productivity and average real wages and the increase in wage and income inequality. The federal budget is in chronic deficit. Imports have far exceeded exports for more than a decade. American competitiveness has been a source of concern for even longer. Many Americans worry that foreigners are buying up U.S. companies, that the economy is losing its manufacturing base, and that the gap between rich and poor is widening. In this book three of the nation's most noted economists look at the primary reasons for these trends and assess which of the many suggestions for change in policy—whether for increased tax incentives for investment, education reform, or accelerated research and development—are likely to work and which may not work and could even hinder economic development. The author's discuss a variety of issues connected with deindustrialization and diminished competitiveness, distinguishing between problems that would be of real concern and those that should not. They evaluate explanations for slow growth in aggregate productivity in the United States and its relation to slower growth in other industrialized countries. They discuss the performance of the various sectors of the U.S. economy and systematically examine the evidence for and against the major proposals for correcting the adverse trends in productivity and inequity. Growth With Equity clearly explains how the country can accomplish the challenge of accelerating growth and narrowing the gap that separates the rich from the poor. While recognizing that some of their recommendations may be politically painful, the authors stress the importance of adopting a purposeful, long-range policy to encourage growth, ensure equity, and reduce the government's equity.

Gadhiya D., Patel A., Prajapati J.B. (2015): Current trend and future prospective of functional probiotic milk chocolates and related products – a review. Czech J. Food Sci., 33: 295–301. The world market of functional dairy products including ice-cream, cheese, sour cream, yoghurt, dahi, butter milk, powdered milk, and frozen desserts has been rapidly growing. The incorporation of probiotics into chocolate could offer a good alternative to common dairy products as it is liked by all age groups people. Chocolate is rich in natural antioxidants and the nutritional quality of it can be further enhanced by the incorporation of probiotics and/or prebiotics or dietary fibers. Current article reviews recent advances in the technologies aimed at incorporating probiotics into chocolate and related products, the ways to enhance or sustain their viability in the presence of stressed surroundings throughout the manufacturing process, and their market potential with future prospects.

euenergy policy objectives are directed at three highly interdependent areas: energy supply security, competitiveness and decarbonization to prevent climate change. In this paper, we focus on the issue of energy supply security. Security of energy supply for the immediate and medium-term future is a necessary condition in the current context of the global political economy for the survival of the Union and its component member states. Since the Lisbon Treaty entered into force, energy policy no longer comes onto the agenda of the European Commission through the backdoor of the common market, environment and competitiveness. The Treaty created a new legal basis for the internal energy market. However, securing external supplies as well as deciding the energy mix, remain matters of national prerogative, though within the constraints of other parts of eu’s legislation in force. Without a common defense policy, the highly import dependent Union and its members face external instability in the energy rich Arab Middle East and North Africa.Concern about energy security has been triggered by declining European energy production as well as the strain on global demand exerted by newly industrializing economies such as China and India and the Middle East, as well as the political instability in this reserve-rich part of the world. This paper explores the following two topics [1] the current situation and past trends in production, supply, demand and trade in energy in the eu, against the background of major changes in the last half decade and [2] threats to the security of the supply of oil and natural gas from import regions.Fossil fuel import dependence in the eu is expected to continue to increase in the coming two decades. As global trends show, and despite new fields in the Caspian region and the Eastern Mediterranean, conventional fossil oil and gas resources remain concentrated in fewer geopolitically unstable regions and countries (i.e. the Middle East and North Africa (mena) and the Caspian Region (cr) including Russia), while global demand for fossil energy is expected to substantially increase also within the energy rich Gulf countries. This combination directly impacts eu energy supply security. It should be noted that the trend towards higher levels of import dependence was not interrupted when the era of low energy prices, between 1980 and 2003, came to an end.Within the eu itself, domestic resistance to the development of unconventional resources is an obstacle to investment in unconventional sources in this part of the high-income world. This should therefore not put at risk investments in either renewables or alternative sources at home or conventional resources mainly in the Arab-Middle East.The situation is exacerbated by the spread of instability in the Arab-Middle Eastern countries. There are three domestic and geopolitical concerns to be taken into consideration:(1) In the Arab-Middle East, threats to eu energy supply security originate in the domestic regime of these countries. Almost all Arab resource-rich countries belong to a type ofpatrimonial, rentier-type of state-society relation. These regimes rely on rents from the exploitation of energy resources and the way in which rents are distributed.Regimes of this type are being challenged. Their economies show uneven economic development, centralized power structures, corruption and poverty at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The discrimination of females is a major obstacle to the development of the service sector. At present, even the monarchies fear the spread of violent conflict.Offshoots of these consequences have proven to cause civil unrest, exemplified by what optimists have called the ‘Arab Spring.’(2) The second concern is the domestic and global impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (swfs) managed by Arab patrimonial rentier states. swfs have proven to be an asset in both developing and developed economies due to their ability to buffer the ‘Dutch Disease,’ and to encourage industrialization, economic diversification and eventually the development of civil society. In patrimonial states, however, swfs are affected by corruption and the diversion of funds away from long-term socioeconomic development to luxury consumption by political elites. In fact, Arab swfs underpin the persistence of the Arab patrimonial rentier state system.(3) Finally, the post-Cold War, me and cea geopolitical landscape is shifting. The emergence of China and other Asian economies has increased their presence in the Middle East due to a growing need for energy and the expansion of Asian markets. The recent discovery of energy resources in the us has led to speculation that there will be less us presence in the region. There would be a serious risk to eu energy security if emerging Asian economies were to increase their presence in the Middle East as us interests recede.

2 - Status and recent trends in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables

Objective: to identify industry trends in aggregate factor productivity, labor productivity and capital productivity in economic sectors. The hypotheses are: there is a continuing slowdown in aggregate factor productivity in the Russian economy sectors; there is a gap in aggregate factor productivity in various complexes of industries. Methods: Cobb–Douglas production function, multiple regression, Domar aggregation, Gini coefficient, graphical visualization. Results: the study revealed a more efficient use of labor resources in contrast to capital, the latter being accumulated everywhere. The highest increase in labor productivity was noted in financial and insurance activities, manufacturing industries, professional, scientific and technical activities. There is a cyclical dynamics of aggregate factor productivity, its most stable growth and a positive cumulative technological shift marked from 2017 until 2021. They are observed in the manufacturing and investment complexes of the Russian economy (financial and insurance activities), and in agriculture.A decrease in total factor productivity was found in the mining industry, transportation and storage, hotels and catering, construction, education, and healthcare. Scientific novelty: it consists in a change in the total factor productivity and the total technological shift in the context of sectors and complexes of sectors of the Russian economy from 2011 to 2021. Practical significance: the study results can be used for the policy of stimulating internal sources of economic growth, to improve sectoral recommendations of innovation policy.

Chapter 22 - Iron ore in Australia and the world: Resources, production, sustainability, and future prospects

Computerizing industries and routinizing jobs: Explaining trends in aggregate productivity

Aum, Lee, and Shin (2018) quantify the impact of production complementarities and differential productivity growth across occupations and sectors on the slowdown of aggregate productivity growth. This note expands their work to study substitutability between new computer equipment and labor in individual occupations as opposed to all occupations combined. Preliminary empirical evidence suggests (1) significantly different elasticities of substitution between computers and labor across occupations and (2) a strong correlation between productivity growth of computers and labor in occupations where these two inputs are complementary. When they are substitutes, however, their productivity growth rates appear uncorrelated. These findings have the potential to amplify or weaken the magnitude of the aggregate productivity slowdown explained by Aum, Lee, and Shin (2018) making their approach a promising avenue for future research.

This paper presents newly constructed series on human capital in Sweden 1870–2000. The estimates are based on enrolment in different forms of education, stretching as far back as 1812, and the size and age distribution of the population within age range 15–65 years. The secular accumulation of human capital has closely matched the long-term trend in aggregate productivity and both grew at a rate of 2.4% annually. Our estimates differ significantly from the data attributed to Sweden in the international short-cut estimates of human capital for the period since 1960. The basic question addressed is about causality: whether human capital causes economic growth or if causality goes in the other direction. We address this problem with modified Granger-causality tests. According to our results, changes in the stock of human capital have in a systematic way preceded changes in aggregate productivity up to the structural crisis in the 1970s. This allows us to conclude that human capital has been a causal factor in Swedish economic growth since the industrialisation. However, after 1975, the growth of human capital has not been able to match the demands of the third industrial revolution.

Aggregate productivity growth in the U.S. has slowed down since the 2000s.We quantify the importance of differential productivity growth across occupations and across industries, and the rise of computers since the 1980s, for the productivity slowdown.Complementarity across occupations and industries in production shrinks the relative size of those with high productivity growth, reducing their contributions toward aggregate productivity growth, resulting in its slowdown.We find that such a force, especially the shrinkage of occupations with above-average productivity growth through "routinization," was present since the 1980s.Through the end of the 1990s, this force was countervailed by the extraordinarily high productivity growth in the computer industry, of which output became an increasingly more important input in all industries ("computerization").It was only when the computer industry's productivity growth slowed down in the 2000s that the negative effect of routinization on aggregate productivity became apparent.We also show that the decline in the labor income share can be attributed to computerization, which substitutes labor across all industries.

Along with the high savings ratio, the functioning of the labour market is one of the most important factors behind the macroeconomic performance of the postwar Japan, which foreign observers have christened the 'miracle of the Rising Sun'. In the first place, the nature of the Japanese labour market is important for the long-run trend of Japanese economic growth because labour, and its quality, are crucial factors for economic development. The high quality of a well disciplined workforce, as well as the migration of labour from rural to urban areas, has contributed much to the rapid growth of the Japanese economy. Second, the nature of the labour market has influenced the pattern of Japanese business cycles by buffering demand fluctuations. The slow response of firms' demand for labour, combined with the fast response of the labour force participation ratio, has prevented a sharp increase in the unemployment rate during recessions. Relatively flexible nominal and real wages have also enabled the Japanese economy to adjust quite smoothly to supply shocks, notably after the second oil crisis. In this paper we shall review trends in unemployment, wages and productivity in the postwar Japanese economy, and relate them to its macroeconomic performance. We shall also summarize the current literature concerning features of the labour market, evaluate quantitative estimates of trends in labour statistics, and explore future prospects.

Carnation is an important cut flower commercially traded in Kathmandu Valley. It has high demand in the Kathmandu Valley’s floriculture market due to its physical characteristics and its suitability to be used singly or in combination with other flowers. This examines the economics of carnation cut flower production in Kathmandu Valley. The data for the study was collected from a sample of 15 carnation cut flower producers in Kathmandu Valley. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the respondents. Information from the respondents collected through semi-structured interview schedule. Data collected through personal interview and secondary sources was analyzed by applying descriptive statistical tools. Data analysis focused mainly on the costs and returns from the carnation production, trends in production and prices, present problems in production and future prospects of carnation production in Kathmandu Valley. The findings revealed that the profits from carnation cut flower were satisfactory to the producers. However, there were ample areas of improvements in the production system. Given the high degree of demand and increasing trend of imports, concerted efforts must be made to reverse the situation and become self-reliant in fulfilling the demand for carnation cut flowers alongside exporting to other countries in the future.

This chapter presents an overview of some of the main issues facing the development of aqua- and mariculture, and provides a framework for improving sustainability from socio-economic and ecological perspectives. We review present global trends in productivity and the institutional and legal frameworks that may affect policy and trade in the coming years. Focus is placed on summarizing recent trends in socio-ecological approaches, such as the “Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture”, which emphasizes development within the constraints of ecosystem functioning and social well-being. A framework of best practices for long-term sustainability is proposed, which is comprised of steps involving risk assessment, monitoring, and adaptive management. From this holistic perspective, we discuss the future prospects for aquaculture development in terms of its promise of improved food security, nutrition and income.

* About the Editors * Contributors * Foreword (Paul E. Fixen) * Preface * Chapter 1. Global Food Production and Plant Nutrient Demand: Present Status and Future Prospects (Luc M. Maene, Kristen E. Sukalac, and Patrick Heffer) * Introduction * Trends in Global Food, Feed, and Fiber Production and Consumption * Trends in Global Nutrient Demand * Conclusions * Chapter 2. Integrated Nutrient Management: Present Status and Future Prospects (Cynthia A. Grant, Milkha S. Aulakh, and A. E. Johnny Johnston) * Introduction * The Challenge of Nutrient Depletion * The Challenge of Nutrient Excess * Challenges for Integrated Nutrient Management * Future Challenges * Chapter 3. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience and Concepts from the United States (Mark M. Alley, Dwayne G. Westfall, and Gregory L. Mullins) * Introduction * Major Climatic Regions and Crop Production * Crop Production and Nutrient Removals in Harvests * Monitoring Soil Fertility Levels in the United States * Manure Nutrient Sources * Nutrient Use * Nutrient Sources and Soil Fertility Maintenance * Nutrient Management Plans * Research Needs * Chapter 4. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience and Concepts from Canada (Sukhdev S. Malhi, Cynthia A. Grant, Denis A. Angers, Adrian M. Johnston, Jeff J. Schoenau, and Craig F. Drury) * Introduction * Major Soil/Climatic Regions and Cropping Systems * Agriculture Production and Nutrient Balances * Fertilizers and Sustainable Development * Technical Requirements for INM * Case Studies * Research Accomplishments, Gaps, and Future Needs * Conclusions * Chapter 5. Integrated Nutrient Management: The European Experience (Paolo Sequi, A. E Johnny Johnston, Rosa Francaviglia, and Roberta Farina) * Introduction * Background * Major Soil Classes, Climatic Zones, and Agricultural Production Systems * Agricultural Production, Nutrient Use, and Issues * Farming Practices and Environmental Issues * Integrated Nutrient Management and Agri-Environmental Policies * Appendix 1. * Appendix 2. * Appendix 3. * Chapter 6. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience and Concepts from New Zealand (Antony H. C. Roberts, Tony J. van der Weerden, and Douglas C. Edmeades) * Introduction * Major Soil and Climatic Regions and Major Cropping Systems * Agricultural Production and Nutrient Balances * Fertilizers and Sustainable Development * Integrated Nutrient Management * Technical Requirements for INM * Actual Implementation and INM * Discussion of Cases * Research Gaps and Future Research Needs * Summary and Conclusion * Chapter 7. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience from South Asia (Milkha S. Aulakh and Guriqbal Singh) * Introduction * Climate Major Crops * Agricultural Production and Nutrient Consumption * Benefits and Limitations of Chemical Fertilizers * Integrated Nutrient Management Practices * Technical Requirements for INM * Constraints for Implementation of INM * Research Gaps and Future Needs * Summary and Conclusions * Chapter 8. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience from China (Bao Lin, Jianchang Xie, Ronggui Wu, Guangxi Xing, and Zhihong Li) * Introduction * Major Agricultural Regions and Cropping Systems * Agricultural Production, Fertilization, and Nutrient Balance * Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) * Benefits and Limitations of Chemical Fertilizers * Fertilizer and Agriculture Sustainability * Chapter 9. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experiences from Rice-Based Systems in Southeast Asia (Dan C. Olk, Mathias Becker, Bruce A. Linquist, Sushil Pandey, and Christian Witt) * Introduction * Integrated Nutrient Management in Rainfed Rice * Green Manures * Integrated Nutrient Management in Irrigated Lowland Rice * Socioeconomic Constraints to Adoption of Improved Nutrient Management Technologies * Conclusions * Chapter 10. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience from South America (Bernardo van Raij, Alfredo Scheid Lopes, Eduardo Casanova, and Martin Diaz-Zorita) * Introduction * Main Ecosystems and Cropping Systems * Agricultural Production and Nutrient Balances * Fertilizers and Sustainable Development * Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) * Technical Requirements for INM * Actual Implementation of INM * Discussion of Cases * Research Gaps and Future Research Needs * Summary and Conclusion * Chapter 11. Integrated Nutrient Management: Concepts and Experience from Sub-Saharan Africa (Andre Bationo, Job Kihara, Bernard Vanlauwe, Joseph Kimetu, Boaz S. Waswa, and Kanwar L. Sahrawat) * Introduction * Overview of Soil Fertility Status in Africa * Evolution of Soil Fertility Paradigm in Africa * ISFM Experiences in SSA * Conclusions * Chapter 12. Integrated Nutrient Management: Experience and Concepts from the Middle East (Uzi Kafkafi and David J. Bonfil) * Introduction * Major Soils, Climatic Regions, and Major Cropping Systems * Agricultural Production and Nutrient Balance * Case Study of Wheat * Index * Reference Notes Included

In a recent study, I prepared gross state product estimates for each of the New England states for the postwar years, 1948-1965.1 The estimates were provided for the one digit major industry groupings and the two digit manufacturing categories. One conclusion, developed from a comparison of postwar growth performance, was that New England performed at a much lower level than the rest of the nation in the advance of aggregate real product. A review of industry movements revealed that New England's relative lag behind the nation was greatest in the manufacturing sector. Examination of the manufacturing growth record indicated that most of the postwar difference in the advance of aggregate real output between New England and the nation arose as the result of structural differences within manufacturing. New England manufacturing was characterized by a very heavy dependence on industries which suffered relative declines in the twentieth century, particularly in the postwar period. Most important of the declining industries were textiles and leather. The relatively high concentration of these industries in New England underscored most of the postwar regional growth difference. A review of statewide postwar growth trends in aggregate real product indicated that of the New England states only Connecticut was able to surpass national economic performance. Connecticuts relatively superior performance was largely due to her advance of real product in the manufacturing sector.2 The two industries on the decline, textiles and leather, were extremely important in the slow-growing New England states, particularly Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and relatively unimportant to the Connecticut economy. On the other hand, Connecticut did show a