Abstract
A study on chemical and toxicological aspects of potable re-use of municipal waste water has been carried out using the effluent of a sewage treatment plant purified by a system including reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration. The study included identification of organic micropollutants, the detection of the mutagenic activity and a long-term toxicity test with the amphibian Xenopus laevis. The majority of the identified organic micropollutants were removed by reverse osmosis and by subsequent activated carbon filtration. However, trihalomethanes, dichloromethane and alkylphenols were not removed by this system. Mutagenic activity has been detected in the biological effluent and to a lesser extent in the permeate of the reverse osmosis. No mutagenic activity was observed in the final product water. The results of the toxicity study with Xenopus laevis suggest no differences between the final product water and tap water with respect to chronic toxicity for the organisms.
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