Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes about 480,000 deaths each year worldwide, and it is well-known to have harmful effects on the human body, leading to heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and cardiovascular problems. In this study, the effects of formaldehyde (FA) and benzene (Bz), the main components of CS, on cell proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cells were examined to confirm the relationship between CS components and placenta carcinoma. Upon MTT assay, FA (10−8 M to 10−5 M) and Bz (10−11 M to 10−8 M) increased JEG-3 cell proliferation. Western blot assay revealed that the protein expression of cyclin D1 and E1 increased, while the levels of p21 and p27 were reduced following treatment. In Scratch assay, FA (10−8 M and 10−5 M) and Bz (10−11 M and 10−8 M) increased migration of JEG-3 cells at 24 h and 48 h compared with that at 0 h. In addition, the expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was significantly decreased, while the expression of the mesenchymal marker, N-cadherin, was significantly increased by FA (10−8 M and 10−5 M) and Bz (10−11 M and 10−8 M). snail and slug transcriptional factors were associated with EMT, which were also up-regulated by FA and Bz, indicating that FA and Bz lead to an increase in the EMT process in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. We further evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of antioxidant effect using dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) and Western blot assay. FA and Bz increased the ROS production and an antioxidant related marker, Nrf2, in JEG-3 cells. However, eIF2α levels were reduced by FA and Bz via activation of the antioxidant reaction. Taken together, these results indicated that FA and Bz induce the growth and migration of human choriocarcinoma cells via regulation of the cell cycle and EMT and activation of ROS and antioxidant related markers.
Highlights
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes about 480,000 deaths each year worldwide, and is well known to be harmful to humans, being responsible for heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and cardiovascular problems
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) complex after it enters into the nucleus, and it promotes antioxidant gene expression. This process leads to resistance to oxidative stress and has a cell-protective effect [30,31]. Based on these biological processes, we investigated the effects of FA and Bz on the proliferation and metastasis of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells to provide their roles in the induction of cancer progression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidation regulated by Nrf2 when FA and Bz are exposed
The cell proliferation assay using media. 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-dyphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was conducted to investigate the effects of FA and Bz on proliferation of JEG-3 placenta carcinoma cells
Summary
Cigarette smoke (CS) causes about 480,000 deaths each year worldwide, and is well known to be harmful to humans, being responsible for heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, and cardiovascular problems. Previous studies reported that CS can cause death or survival of different cancer cells at the same time [3,4]. Many previous studies have investigated the relationship between lung cancer and smoking [5], and recent studies have focused on women as the proportion of female smokers has increased worldwide [6]. This causes an increase in female diseases associated with CS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy influences the health of the fetus and fertility, leading to low birth weight, premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, and ectopic pregnancy [7]
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