Travelling buildings – The Terijoki villas under changing geopolitical conditions

Review of energy efficient features in vernacular architecture for improving indoor thermal comfort conditions

Archiving the Algerian Revolution in Zineb Sedira's <i>Gardiennes d'images</i>

This book chapter appeared in a prestigious publication, which was very positively reviewed in journals such as Science (2011), Isis (2012) and Public Understanding of Science (2012). It was the result of a project that was highly commended in the THE ‘Project of the year’ awards. Facts are often expressed as or associated with verbalised descriptions. But Valeriani’s work reflects on facts – and particularly facts about technology and architecture - transmitted and recorded in material objects. Considering examples from the praxis of archaeologists, historians, conservators and museum curators, Valeriani explores how building elements and material objects can be ‘embodied, multi-layered facts’. She investigates how material objects carry facts over time and space, far from the site of their original production and intended use. Books, drawings, travelling gentlemen, craftsmen and architects have, as she shows, all acted as vehicles for the travelling of technical facts. Valeriani advances her argument through case studies, which illustrate different patterns of transmission and reveal the openness of different knowledge systems and their ability to allow for innovation. Her work draws on both written sources (including primary sources related to St Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome and St Paul’s Cathedral, London) and material evidence (including that offered by the first ‘archaeological’ analysis of St Paul’s cathedral’s loft spaces during which graffiti from 1705 was found). Valeriani was invited to present papers on this topic at the History of Science Society Conference (Pittsburgh, 2008), at the Conference of the Koldewey Gesellschaft (Regensburg 2008), at a Leverhulme Workshop at Reading and at the Maison Francaise d’Oxford (both 2010). A closely-related article in which she develops further the question of how technical knowledge travels was published in 2010 ‘Roger Pratt and the influence of the educational traveler in Britain’ (Akten der 45. Tagung fur Ausgrabungswissenschaft und Bauforschung, Dresden, 127-135).

Construction methods and building materials have been in development since the dawn of civilisation. Simple timber and stone dwellings were followed by more modern construction methods such as fired clay and mortars with continual development until the present day. Early evidence of the use of concrete dates back at least 7,000 years and there has since been a continuous timeline, through the development of pozzolanic concrete by the Romans, to the first patent for Portland cement at the beginning of the 19 Century. Portland cement based concrete has undergone many developments based on field experience and extensive research to improve the performance of the resultant concrete, not always successfully. To reduce construction time, calcium chloride has been used as a set accelerator since 1873. This then state-of-the-art admixture has since caused significant damage due to chloride-induced corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Concretes based on other binders also appeared, such as high alumina cement (HAC) which was patented in 1908 but is now all but banned for structural use in many countries due to a number of high profile failures. This paper will discuss a number of once state-of-the-art building materials which may still be encountered in the renovation of heritage structures, and the methods and precautions required when carrying out remediation.

Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, is one of the rare historical cities that has survived to the present day without losing its importance. As well as monumental structures such as mosques and Sultan complexes, traditional Bursa houses are also components of architectural heritage that reflect the identity of the city. The traditional building materials of these houses are wood, stone, brick and earth. Today, these materials are known as ecological building materials and their use is very important to ensure sustainability. Especially the application of traditional building techniques based on the use of these materials in restoration works is of great importance in terms of ensuring sustainability not only from an ecological point of view, but also from economic and cultural points of view. In this context, earthen building material consisting of natural raw materials and created by human hands are seen as ecological and renewable building materials. In different parts of the world, many civilizations have used earthen building materials with different usage techniques in the past. This material has not lost its importance to this day. In this study, the earthen building materials used in traditional Bursa houses are examined and their role in sustainable architecture is pointed out. For this purpose, a case study was conducted on traditional Bursa houses in three different historic neighborhoods; Hisar, Tuzpazari and Reyhan regions. Representative earthen building materials were taken from 22 traditional houses and listed with their qualities for experimental studies. Characterization tests were carried out on the samples taken from these houses. The results of the experiments have been used to develop some recommendations for the successful implementation of restorations that will help to carry out sustainable heritage conservation work in Bursa.

In the modern world, new technologies in different fields of knowledge are constantly emerging every minute. In modern construction, there is a tendency for new building materials to appear. A valuable primitive building material is stone. It is also worth noting that this building material has survived to the present day and is still appreciated in the construction industry. There are deposits of valuable rock in the Rostov region. The deposits of the Meshkov stone rocks are located in the north of the Rostov region. Stone is mined for the construction of buildings, fences and other structures. It is worth emphasizing that the presented deposits of stone rocks are located on the surface of the earth, and represent a stone forest – a wonderful natural creation.

In the article a verification of indoor climate requirements for Russian churches and cathedrals and recommendations on maintenance are given. From the point of view of building physics and longevity of building materials, frescos, icons, wood, paper, leather, parchment and natural textiles are regarded as capillary-porous physical bodies partly filled with moisture which includes dissolved salts. Porosity can be divided into three groups: large, moderate and small. What happens with these physical bodies when the indoor temperature and humidity changes is that deformation occurs and this may lead to breakage. Research to determine the dependence of deformation on the humidity of the surrounding structural materials of the cathedrals was carried out by a holographic interferometer. Diagrams of humidity and temperature deformation show the following results: the graphics of humidity and temperature are alike, the temperature deformations are not extensive, deformation due to humidity is more serious than deformation caused by temperature. The investigations of temperature and humidity deformation made it possible to give recommendations for the level of indoor air temperature and humidity in cathedrals. On the basis of these investigations, the Russian standard "Orthodox temples. Heating, ventilation, air conditioning" was developed (ABOK, 2002). Temperature and humidity changes can affect building materials and the building structure. In the case of Russian cathedrals and churches, traditional artefacts are also affected.

The article analyzes the guiding imperatives behind Russia’s grand strategy in the Mideast, including both its domestic decision-making institutional idiosyncrasies and the wider geopolitical considerations at play. It discusses the evolution of Russian strategy after the so-called “Arab Spring” events and into the present day, taking care to individually analyze Moscow’s most important bilateral relationships. The review begins by addressing Russia’s anti-terrorist intervention in Syria, before progressing to some words about the two competing foreign policy factions present in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After outlining the key differences between the Liberal and Military-Security camps, the work then broadly explains how their rivalry fi gures into the formulation of Russia’s overall grand strategy in the Mideast. Following that, it logically proceeds to examine the other bilateral relationships that are of signifi cance to Moscow, beginning with Turkey, Iraq, and Israel, and ending with Saudi Arabia and Iran. The goal of the research is to establish a very general understanding of how Russia’s foreign policy is presently practiced in the Mideast, how and why it got to where it is today, and forecast on the prospects for its further development. In doing this, the article relies on empirical observations and references several under-discussed news items that have evaded wider scrutiny. It also makes use of a few academic sources in proving that the geopolitical environment in which Russia conducts its present foreign policy was largely shaped by the US’ legacy of Hybrid Wars on the region, which in hindsight created fertile ground for the revolution in Russia’s Mideast strategy. In summary, Russia seeks to replace the US as the Mideast countries’ most preferred and trusted partner, capitalizing off of Washington’s decline in regional infl uence brought about by the disastrous rise of Daesh and the controversial perceptions over the Iranian nuclear deal in order to fi ll the strategic void that’s been created in America’s wake, and as of the end of 2016, Moscow has been wildly successful.

Drinking in Swedish women's magazines’ advertisements from the 1960s to the 2000s AIMS The article focuses on what kind of drinking-related subject positions have appeared as acceptable and desirable in women's magazine advertisements over the past few decades, how those positions have changed and shifted as we move closer to the present day, and how these changes reflect the shifting borderline between the private and public domain. MATERIAL The material consists of alcohol-related advertisements published in Swedish women's magazines from the 1960s to the 2000s (n=1,079). METHOD The advertisements are approached and analysed as performances in which gender is made visible “here and now” by placing women in particular subject positions. The analysis draws attention to how the subject positions appearing in the advertisements are repeatedly attached to pleasure (desire), the physical body (sex) and social roles, norms and lifestyles (gender). Results The analysis reveals both continuity and variability in alcohol-related advertising in Swedish women's magazines. In the 1960s alcohol-related advertisements repeatedly positioned women in the private domain to represent the traditional norms of the “housewife contract”, or outside the home to represent the new gender expectations of the “equality contract”. As we draw closer to the present day, the nature of these subject positions begins to change. Conclusions Women's equality, freedom and independence do not increase linearly, nor does the home or the private domain become gender neutral. On the contrary, it seems that the traditional gender system is persistently reproduced. A comparison of the Swedish and Finnish material reveals some intriguing similarities and differences in women's subject positions.

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I present my recent work to revive the traditional skill of flax spinning and linen weaving in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. Since 2009, I have carried out historical research, as well as a hands-on, systematic study of flax cultivation, processing, spinning and weaving in an attempt to bring these skills back into public awareness. Working closely with the local community, I have observed a renewed interest in hand skills and an appreciation for how textile objects are made. Traditional textile processes, such as flax spinning and linen weaving, have an inherent value. A hands-on approach is both a joyful experience for the maker and an opportunity to develop an intuitive comprehension of one's materials. The result is a more exploratory and innovative approach to design. Working at a local level further imbues an object with a sense of time and place, impacting the way in which we, as designers, respond to our communities and express their distinctiveness. In our contemporary world, where our material objects are increasingly depersonalized and disconnected from their origins, handmade objects provide a means through which to establish connections, between our shared cultural history and present day, between artist and community and between designing and making.

In the first socialist systsem culture was more than a realm of artistry and aesthetics.1 It was often another dimension of a fierce struggle—ideological and political—against the bourgeoisie (Whit...

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From its beginning the French Revolution and its slogan - liberté, egalié, fraternité - has been a symbol of revolution. Later, during the twentieth century, its images were merged with images from other revolutionary upheaval, especially in Russia where it played an important role in the Russian Revolutions' intellectual history as well as in the history of the Soviet regime. The reasons for the popularity of the French Revolution in Russian intellectual life varied. It is clear, however, that the external similarities between the histories of late eighteenth-century France and modern Russia played a large part. Indeed, one could easily compare the French ancien regimé to the Russian monarchy; the 1905 Revolution could be compared to the French '1789', the February Revolution to '1792'. The Bolshevik Reign of Terror could be seen almost as a carbon copy of the French '1793', and the Soviet regime could be viewed as either a prolonged reign of Russian Jacobins or, and this was the point of the majority of the enemies of the Bolshevik regime, as nothing but a Russian Thermidor. Present day observers of post-Soviet Russia also are given to using this comparison to Thermidor.

Eighteen laboratories from 10 European countries participated in a comparison organized as part of the VOCEM project, a 2.5-year research collaboration among 4 research institutes and 4 industrial companies. The scope of the project was to improve the procedure used to measure volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from building materials and products in small test chambers. The interlaboratory comparison included the GC-MS determination of 5 target compounds from carpet, 8 from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cushion vinyl and 2 from paint; for the first time, chamber recovery (sinks), homogeneity of solid materials and possible contamination during transport were tested. The results show that the intralaboratory variance (random errors) is much smaller than the interlaboratory variance (systematic errors). Causes of the largest interlaboratory discrepancies were: (i) analytical errors; (ii) losses of the heaviest compounds due to sorption on the chamber walls; and (iii) non homogeneity of the materials. The output of this work concerns both the objective of labelling materials with regard to their VOC emissions and the pre-standard drafted by the European Commitee for Standardization (CEN) for this type of determination.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to identify effective ways of architectural form making of public facilities using an ecological approach. This is due to a new role of architecture in the urban sustainable development through the creation of aesthetically attractive and functional comfortable and safe environment. A special attention is paid to economic efficiency of objects, namely cost reduction in building construction and operation. This goal can be achieved through the improvement of design and construction technologies, development of the construction material industry, and interdisciplinary approach to the problem solution which implies the collaboration of specialists. Methodology/approach: Analytical, synergetic and inductive approaches are used in these studies. Based on the identification of particular cases of the new approach to the application of living nature in architecture and construction and their analysis and systematization, an algorithm of creating architectural objects is developed using natural technologies. The fields of their application are indicated within the architectural theory and practice. Form making experiments are carried out using natural technologies utilized by foreign specialists. Findings: Natural technologies can be systemized in the following way: – a living being as a prototype of an architectural object (external form, architectural bionics); – construction technology used by a living being as a prototype of building technologies in architecture (principle of space organization and structure formation); – a living being as a builder of architectural objects (e.g. use of bacteria as a building material); – a living being as a source of building material (objects produced by living beings, such as shells, chitin, silk thread, etc.). It is found that this approach is being intensively developed by foreign architects and designers jointly with other specialists (engineers, biologists, etc.), but has no spheres of application as well as related centers in Russia. Results: Natural technologies are very important for the transition to a model of sustainable urban development, since their use improves the ecological situation, provides efficient use of natural resources and reduces construction costs. A research group should be created for studying the foreign experience in using natural technologies for the development of research program on implementing this approach in Russia. Practical implications: Research results can be readily used for subsequent studies on similar or related topics; in the academic process for training architects; in real design of ecoarchitectural creative spaces and objects, which will positively affect the development of green economy in Russia. This approach can be applied in different regions and climatic zones of the world with its adaptation to local conditions, because it is a universal design method with mandatory application of the creative approach. Originality/value: The originality of research lies in the architectural typology modification connected with form making, planning and design concepts. Systematization of local knowledge and experiments is provided by construction materials and technologies. Theorization of the new pre-design and design methods can be identified as a natural technology approach.