Travellers, trainees, and urban transformations: knowledge circulation in the pre-industrial Stockholm metal trades, c. 1750–1820

A 6000-year geochemical record of human activities from Alexandria (Egypt)

The authors show how scientific and technological research in Latin America has become institutionalised and has given rise to science policy questions and debates. This development has become a subject of study. Thus, the text describes the emergence and development of social studies on science in Latin America since the 1950s with the development of an original Latin American thought on science and technology (PLACTS), the formation of the first social studies on science and technology (STS) research groups working on scientific disciplines and producing diagnoses on the scientific development, then the institutionalisation of these STS studies and the consolidation of research groups in this domain giving rise to new approaches concerning the conditions of scientific development in a peripheral context, the social and local utility of scientific and technological knowledge, the processes of re-signifying established knowledge, the creation of new relations between research and industry and the emergence of research policies. Finally, the text shows how Latin American researchers are today questioning the articulations between local and globalized knowledge, between local activities and policies and global networks, and the role of technological knowledge in Latin America in a globalized world, which raises a reflexive questioning of the role of STS-produced research in Latin American societies.

Approaches to the History of Privacy in Knowledge-Making natália da silva perez, erasmus university rotterdam, netherlands natacha klein käfer, university of copenhagen, denmark W e tend to associate knowledge with the mind, the intellect, or the brain, but much of what we come to know starts with concrete engagements with the world. Experimentation, rehearsal, repetition, habit formation-all of these are intrinsic to getting to know something, and getting to know it well. Because it often involves trial and error, knowledge development is done more comfortably in private, where the knowledge-maker remains unobserved while learning or developing something new. Even when practices of knowledge-making achieve a stage where they require social engagement, there might still be a concern for maintaining a certain level of privacy. Groups create strategies to confine the spreading of their techniques. Masters and apprentices share their knowledge under strict rules of the trade. Cooks conceal key ingredients from the tasters of their delicacies, and basically every grandparent is the know: a journal on the formation of knowledge, volume 7, number 1, spring 2023.

In this study, Deyell explores the complex ways in which monetary systems of pre-modern India influenced the great Indian Ocean trade in coinage metals (gold, silver, copper) and cowry shells. Noting the Indian subcontinent’s tremendous political, cultural and economic diversity prior to 1500, the study analyses the monetary experiences of different regions and their relative demand for monetary commodities. These needs were met through the interaction of local mining activities, coastal trading communities and overseas trade routes. The study shows how the disparate needs of Indian regions for materials to service their monetary systems comprised a significant “pull” factor shaping the development and evolution of the “international” maritime trade in these commodities.

Historic districts of ancient towns serve as significant carriers of historical and cultural heritage while also being popular tourist destinations. Within the context of urbanization and organic renewal, the protection and development of historic districts have become crucial research topics. This study collects literature from the Web of Science database and applies manual screening to ensure relevance to the research theme. Using CiteSpace as an analytical tool, the study conducts a visual analysis from multiple perspectives, including keywords, writing time, authors, centrality, keyword clustering analysis, and timeline visualization. By constructing a knowledge graph, this research explores the key pathways and knowledge nodes in the organic renewal of spatial environments in historic districts of ancient towns. Based on literature clustering, the study categorizes research into four major aspects: heritage conservation, cultural and tourism development, spatial planning and design, and environmental enhancement. Based on this, universal strategies for the cultural and tourism development of historic districts in ancient towns are proposed. The research focus shifts from emphasizing cultural heritage preservation to the integrated development of culture and tourism. In the spatial development of historic districts, everyday life scenes should be incorporated while new technologies should be utilized to enhance environmental comfort. This paper summarizes the current research frontiers in this field and proposes future research trends, providing valuable references for scholars in related areas.

This study discusses how variations in everyday work activity with information systems are shaping knowledge transformations and circulation. Activity theory approach is taken to develop a framework for describing knowledge transformations and circulation within work activity system. The framework is applied in an extensive and longitudinal case study in grain business. The case study introduces variations in work activities, actions and operations in information system mediated environment that affects knowledge circulation and transformations. The framework is applicable to structure the effects of variation from knowledge transformation and circulation perspective in the case organization.

Global urbanization may present mental health challenges for youth. We investigated relationships between affective symptoms, substance use, and urban characteristics in 17–18-year-old adolescents from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study (N = 1682). Objectively measured urban neighbourhood characteristics (e.g. safety, poverty) were obtained from the Geoscience and Health Cohort Consortium in addition to self-report assessments. Cross-sectional networks showed strong clustering between affective symptoms, substance use behaviours, and urban characteristics. Self-reported safety and drug-related nuisance were key bridge nodes between clusters. Higher levels of unsafety and urban hassles were linked to affective symptoms and substance use. Fatigue, sadness, and cannabis use were the most important symptoms. Objective social safety was also connected to perceptions of safety, drug-related nuisance, fatigue, sad mood, and cannabis use. These findings indicate a complex interplay between environment and individual health, with objective safety and social cohesion serving as key connectors between urban characteristics and mental health symptoms and substance use.

Modern counter-insurgency has usually been studied from a single case-study perspective (for instance, Malaya, Algeria, or Cuba) or with a focus on particular national styles and experiences (among which the so-called ‘British way’ of counter-insurgency is perhaps best known). However, recent comparative history scholarship has highlighted important similarities among Western democracies’ handling of insurgent challenges from the early Cold War era of decolonization to the most recent so-called Global War on Terror. This paper attempts to offer some insights into how these similarities might be approached from a transnational perspective. Focusing on the three main Western powers involved in counter-insurgency (Great Britain, France, and the United States), it draws connecting lines between their respective experiences, stressing the importance of the sharing of lessons learned, liaison exchanges, organizational learning, and even doctrinal standardization processes, both at bilateral and multilateral levels. While one should not overestimate the practical influence of such knowledge circulation, one also has to take it into account to achieve a more global history of late-colonial conflict and state-building.

P490. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Probe of Episodic Memory Neurocircuitry in Schizophrenia

Under the curve: Critical issues for elucidating D1 receptor function in working memory

The management of eating behavior in bulimia nervosa (BN) patients is a complex process, and BN involves activity in multiple brain regions that integrate internal and external functional information. This functional information integration occurs in brain regions involved in reward, cognition, attention, memory, emotion, smell, taste, vision and so on. Although it has been reported that resting-state brain activity in BN patients is different from that of healthy controls, the neural mechanisms remain unclear and need to be further explored. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) analyses are an important data-driven method that can measure the relative contribution of low-frequency fluctuations within a specific frequency band to the whole detectable frequency range. The fALFF is well suited to reveal the strength of interregional cooperation at the single-voxel level to investigate local neuronal activity power. FC is a brain network analysis method based on the level of correlated dynamics between time series, which establishes the connection between two spatial regions of interest (ROIs) with the assistance of linear temporal correlation. Based on the psychological characteristics of patients with BN and the abnormal brain functional activities revealed by previous neuroimaging studies, in this study, we investigated alterations in regional neural activity by applying fALFF analysis and whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) in patients with BN in the resting state and to explore correlations between brain activities and eating behavior. We found that the left insula and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL), as key nodes in the reorganized resting-state neural network, had altered FC with other brain regions associated with reward, emotion, cognition, memory, smell/taste, and vision-related functional processing, which may have influenced restrained eating behavior. These results could provide a further theoretical basis and potential effective targets for neuropsychological treatment in patients with BN.

Altered functional connectivity of right inferior frontal gyrus subregions in bipolar disorder: a resting state fMRI study

Water runoff and economic activity: The impact of water supply shocks on growth

In hacker communities, tech-savvy pioneers collect and share information on nascent technologies. The pool of information shared among users reduces uncertainty about digital technology, but, first and foremost, it reveals entrepreneurial opportunities to users in the community, which is a central tenet of innovation commons theory. In this paper, we are first to explore the role of local hackerspaces for digital entrepreneurship in German counties using cross-sectional time series data. We find that longer-lasting hackerspaces are strongly correlated with the level of digital entrepreneurship in regions, particularly in agglomerations and urban contexts.

This chapter investigates the connections between knowledge production and practice in equality work by tracking the dynamics of the circulation and generation of feminist and gender knowledges. Based on a mixed-methods study on training for gender equality in the European region, the chapter covers three connections. First, the professional development trajectories of trainers and their current roles illustrate how collaborating actors situated across a diversity of interrelated sites circulate knowledge between them to shape collective production and practice. Second, the translation and communication of threshold concepts—sex/gender and intersectionality—to training participants demonstrate how knowledge is contested and reworked through practice to shape knowledge production and exchange. Lastly, the learning processes of the participants, and trainers, demonstrate the multidirectionality of the circulation of gender and feminist knowledges, and how this can shape both the knowledge that is produced and future praxis. Overall, these examples illustrate how current practice is situated within a transnational genealogy, mobilising incremental change through collective and collaborative effort. The actors in these processes are engaged in a dynamic of circulation between knowledge production and practice over time. Through this investigation I argue for a relational understanding of knowledge generation, whereby the dynamics of cooperation and contest are integral to developing and facilitating transformative praxis.