Tratamiento químico de vinaza de caña de azúcar con peróxido de hidrógeno

Research on the effect of voltage, current, and time of electrolysis on the decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of tempe industrial wastewater in Banyumas Regency has been carried out. Tempe industrial wastewater in Banyumas Regency has a COD value of 7,200 mg/L and BOD 4,687.5 mg/L, while the COD and BOD values stipulated in the Central Java Provincial Regulation number 5 of 2012 are 275 and 150 mg/L. This study aims to determine the effect of voltage, current, and electrolysis time on the decrease in COD and BOD of tempe industrial wastewater and determine the voltage, current, and time of electrolysis so that the percentage decrease in COD and BOD values reaches 100%. Experiments were carried out by electrolyzing liquid waste in the reactor at various voltages, currents, and electrolysis times. The anode, cathode, and electrolyte used are PbO2, Pb, and Na2SO4. The results showed that the voltage, current, and time of electrolysis affect the decrease in the value of COD and BOD. The decrease in COD and BOD values reached 100% at a voltage of 12 volts, a current of 10 amperes, and an electrolysis time of 180 minutes. The electrolysis method can reduce the COD and BOD values of tempe industrial wastewater in Banyumas Regency by up to 100%.

A simple method based on the mathematical treatment of spectral absorbance profiles in conjunction with artificial neural networks (ANNs) is demonstrated for rapidly estimating chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of wastewater samples. In order to improve spectroscopic analysis and ANN training time as well as to reduce the storage space of the trained ANN algorithm, it is necessary to decrease the ANN input vector size by extracting unique characteristics from the raw input pattern. Key features from the spectral absorbance pattern were therefore selected to obtain the spectral absorbance profile, reducing the ANN input vector from 160 to 10 selected inputs. The results indicate that the COD values obtained from the selected absorbance profiles agreed well with those obtained from the entire absorbance pattern. The spectral absorbance profile technique was also compared to COD values estimated by a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to validate whether ANNs were better and more robust models for rapid COD analysis. It was found that the ANN model predicted COD values closer to standard COD values than the MLR model.

A novel fibrous catalyst was used to destroy the pollutants in Kodak Non-Silver-Bearing (NSB) photographic processing effluents with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) value. The oxidation activity of the catalyst was evaluated in terms of COD reduction of the effluent. The effects of concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and effluent, amount of catalyst, reaction time and temperature on the COD reduction were studied. In addition, the combination of catalysis with UV treatment on the COD reduction of the effluent was also investigated. Based on the experimental results, room temperature is preferred for the catalytic oxidation of NSB effluent. It was found that COD reduction of the effluent depends on the amount of hydrogen peroxide added to the feed in relation to the mass of catalyst used. Significant COD reduction (up to 52%) is achieved after 4 hours of catalytic treatment. Extending the duration of catalysis up to 24 hours gives further slight decrease in COD value.

Treatment of pesticide wastewater by moving-bed biofilm reactor combined with Fenton-coagulation pretreatment

The influence of sample matrix composition on the infrared sensing response to chlorinated hydrocarbons was investigated. The parameters of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were used to characterize water samples from natural and industrial waters. Chlorobenzene was selected as a model target for assessing the effect of the sample matrix, defined by their COD and TOC values, on the infrared optical measurements. It was found that it was possible to directly compare recovery values with TOC and COD values at low concentrations of the latter. However, where TOC and COD values were high, in particular for industrial waters, the influence of sorbing natural organic matter was low compared to the total organic carbon due to the synthetic component of the water. Therefore, when measuring natural environmental waters, it was possible to use COD and TOC values to obtain the true concentration of the analyte in the sample, but for industrial samples, the COD and TOC values were not good indicators.

Production of methane as bio-fuel from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic consortium bacteria

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai kadar fenol dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) pada air buangan final proses pembuatan tinplate di laboratorium QA PT Latinusa, Tbk. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis kadar fenol dan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) yaitu dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis HACH pada panjang gelombang 500 nm. Analisis kadar fenol dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen NH4OH, K3[Fe(CN)6] dan antipirin, sedangkan analisis COD dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen A (K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 dan HgSO4) serta reagen B (Ag2SO4 dan H2SO4). Analisis dilakukan setiap hari dalam satu bulan. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan diperoleh rata-rata kadar fenol pada air buangan final yaitu sebesar 0,32 mgL-1 dan sudah memenuhi baku mutu setelah dilakukan retest pada tanggal 6, 17, 19 dan 23 sedangkan untuk nilai COD sebesar 28,15 mgL1 sudah memenuhi baku mutu sehingga tidak berbahaya bagi lingkungan maupun makhluk hidup jika dibuang ke lingkungan.

Traditional coagulant calf rennet, which is used in cheese production, is currently facing the problem of an unsustainable source. In addition, the production of cheese with calf rennet produces whey with high biochemical (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. For these reasons, plant extracts have been investigated as sustainable sources of coagulants for milk. However, there are few reports on the changes in the COD and BOD of whey when plant extracts are used. For this reason, this study investigated the potential of extracts from two Hechtia species native to Mexico (H. glomerata and H. podantha) as sustainable milk coagulants for cheese production, with the aim of simultaneously reducing the pollutant load of residual whey. The milk coagulation efficiency of the extracts of the two Hechtia species was investigated, and in addition, their effects on cheese texture and color, and the composition of the residual whey, including BOD and COD, were evaluated. Most extracts of H. podantha showed adequate milk coagulation and yielded fresh cheese with textural properties comparable to those of cheese produced with conventional calf rennet. A significant reduction in carbohydrate content was achieved when H. podantha extracts were used. As a result, a significant decrease in the BOD and COD values was achieved. In some cases, a reduction of up to 1.78 times compared with those of the control was achieved. The results of this study show that H. podantha is a promising source of natural coagulants for sustainable cheese production, offering a dual benefit by providing an alternative to conventional rennet and reducing the environmental impact of whey.

The feasibility of utilization of spent galvanic solutions containing high concentrations of heavy metal ions as a catalyst for hydrocarbon oxidation process is shown. Characterization of the studied sulfur-alkaline wastewater (SAWW) and spent Ni2+-containing electroplating solution is presented. It is established that the sludge isolated as a result of joint treatment of SAWW from sulfide ions and spent Ni2+-containing electroplating solution from nickel (II) ions contains a significant amount of impurities of organic substances. The method of obtaining Ni2+-containing catalyst from the sludge obtained as a result of joint treatment of wastewater from chemical and galvanic production - high-temperature heat treatment at 900 °C is proposed. It is shown that 15 minutes heat treatment of sludge in air medium at 900 °C leads to almost complete removal of organic impurities from it. Diffractometric method established that the main component of heat-treated sludge is nickel (II) oxide. It has been experimentally shown that treatment of SAWW with an ozone-air mixture for 60 minutes leads to a decrease in the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) value by only 1604 mg O/dm3, which corresponds to a purification degree in terms of COD value equal to 11.9 %. Addition of NiO-containing sludge obtained from the joint purification of SAWW and spent Ni2+-containing galvanic solution in the concentration of 200 mg/dm3 allows to significantly intensify the process of oxidation of organic pollutants of SAWW. It has been established that the use of heat-treated NiO-containing sediment as a catalyst leads to a decrease in the COD value by 3438 mg O/dm3. At the same time the degree of purification by COD value reaches 28.1 %. It is revealed that the efficiency of treatment of SAWW by COD value as a result of ozonation process using the obtained heat-treated sludge is 16.2 % higher in comparison with non-catalytic oxidation.

Wet air oxidation (WAO) of a prepared direct dye solution was tested by using the CoAlPO4-5 catalyst. Addition of CoAlPO4-5 could effectively improve rate of color removal and the activation energy of color removal could decrease from about 110 kJ/mole to about 75 kJ/mole as the catalyst loading was increased from 0.0 g/L to 3.0 g/L. Performance of WAO on color removal would somewhat increase with catalyst loading at 145°C whereas the effect of catalyst loading was not significant at 135°C. With no addition of CoAlPO4-5, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value was low. This was due to difficulty of exactly measuring the true COD value of dye solution if the dye was not degraded. Via CoAlPO4-5, COD of dye solution could be effectively decreased. The rate of COD removal would increase with catalyst loading, oxygen pressure and reaction temperature. Furthermore, a maximum COD value observed, which was due to catalyzed degradation of dye molecule via CoAlPO4-5, could be characterized by a consecutive reaction scheme. Kinetic study of color removal is expressed as follows: rate = k × [dye]0.8 × W 0.5 × P n (145°C) or rate = k × [dye]0.8 × W 0 × P n (135°C); where k means rate constant, [ ] means concentration, W means catalyst loading, P means oxygen pressure and n means uncertain number.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is abundantly available in the palm oil industry and has significant potential for generating renewable energy, specifically biogas, through the biogasification process. This study investigates the relationship between the reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values and pH changes in POME during the biogas production process. The study employs a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single factor and four levels. Data were analyzed over five observation periods spanning 24 days. The results show a significant decrease in COD concentration from 96,300 mg/L on day 0 to 22,720 mg/L on day 24. This reduction is attributed to microbial activity, with Effective Microorganisms (EM4) being used in this research. Additionally, an inverse relationship between pH and COD was observed, where an increase in pH correlated with a decrease in COD. Biogas production also increased over time, with the cumulative biogas volume reaching 5.2 liters on day 24. The study concludes that more alkaline environmental conditions support the activity of microorganisms responsible for COD reduction and higher biogas production. Recommendations for future research include adding parameters such as temperature and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), and further investigation into more effective and efficient microorganism seeding. Thus, this research provides insights into the biogasification process and the development of more efficient and sustainable biogas technology.

Background. Distillery spent wash is the main waste of the alcohol industry. This is highly concentrated wastewater, which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) values – up to 60–120 g O 2 /dm 3 – and low pH values – up to 3.7. It makes its processing a complicated task. One of the methods of its utilization is anaerobic fermentation with the production of biogas. Inert carriers for microorganism immobilization or granulation are used to intensify the process of anaerobic treatment and increase sludge concentration. Due to the high concentration of anaerobic microorganisms in granules, compared to the number of microorganisms in free-floating active sludge, the process of methanogenesis is more intensive with a high yield of biogas and a decrease in COD. Objective. To determine the possible centres of anaerobic sludge granulation in highly concentrated waste of alcohol production to increase biogas output in the process of waste treatment. Method s . Activated carbon, modified carbon on which surface calcium ions were precipitated, FeCl 3 , silica gel based sorbent, talc based sorbent were used to form pellets as the centres of microorganism accumulation. Results. Pellets have not been formed with the use of activated carbon; modified carbon with calcium ions; silica gel based sorbent and ferrum compounds. Pellets of activated sludge were received with the use of talc based sorbent – formation of initial biofilm on a carrier was observed on the third day of fermentation and then it was growing in pellets. Conclusions. It was demonstrated that for highly concentrated waste effluents of a distillery (grain distillery spent wash), which after co-fermentation with poultry manure contain volatile fatty acids in concentration 800–2000 mg/dm 3 , it is needed to use sorbents to receive microorganism pellets as a centre of granulation. Sorbents must contain donors and proton acceptors. It was established that the use of granular activated sludge for the distillery waste purification improves the efficiency of COD and Biochemical Oxygen Demand removal by 15–17%, increases biogas output by 26 ± 2% and biogas methane content by 8 ± 1%.

Wadi El Raiyan depression represents a discharge area of excess wastewater from the Faiyum province. It comprises two lakes: the upper lake connects the lower one through a channel. The intensive agriculture in the area hazardously affects both lakes. To assess the status of these lakes, this work studies the change detection using image classification and post-classification comparison, physicochemical parameters, concentration of trace elements, and microbiological contents. The classified images indicate a maintained constant area of the upper lake from 1990 to 2012 and decreased by 1.6% in 2014. The lower lake area increased by 4.8% between 1990 and 2001, then decreased till 2014 and increased again by 8.4% in 2015. The change detection concluded that the lake could be disappeared by 2019 if the exploitation of water from the upper lake continues, or the lake could be rebounded if the government planned to increase the recharge. The factor analysis implies that the total Fe, Mn, Ni, Ba, and As are controlled by pH–Eh relationship, Cu by TDS, Pb by temperature, while Cd is attributed to anthropogenic factor. The upper and lower lake samples exhibit biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values lower than fish farm samples. The high BOD and COD values were coupled by high nitrate contents in the studied water samples. The cultivated land drains and the fish farms samples have total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) higher than the samples collected from the upper lake.

Aerobic treatment of wastewaters in the inverse fluidised bed biofilm reactor

A on-line monitoring system was developed for the determination of chemical oxygen demand in water based on full-spectrum analysis.In this system,least-square method was used to obtain the transmission equation between absorbance and chemical oxygen demand(COD)value by measuring absorption spectra of water with known COD value,and then the established equation could inverse the COD values of the unknown water samples.For the COD determination of simulated complicated water samples,the instrumental reliability was well validated by comparing the measurement values of the analyzer with that of laboratory results.The monitoring system provided advantages of simplicity,rapidity,high precision,low consumption and environmental benignity,and was demonstrated an ideal alternative to real-time and on-line monitoring of COD in water.