Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has been used as a grain fumigant, pesticide, solvent for oils and fats, metal degreaser, fire extinguisher and flame retardant, and in the production of paint, ink, plastics, semi-conductors and petrol additives (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 1994). Its properties are shown in Table 1. CCl4 is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the US Environmental Protection Agency as a Group B2 carcinogen and also listed on the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 2008). CCl4 is a common contaminant in soil and groundwater. CCl4 is found in approximately 20% of the US Superfund National Priority List sites (Ferguson & Pietari, 2000). But, there are limited published case studies of CCl4 contamination in karst aquifer. Karst aquifers are distinguished by an abundance of large subsurface openings and are therefore especially vulnerable to chlorinated-solvent contamination (CCl4, TCE, PCE). The release of chlorinated solvents into karst aquifers presents a difficult challenge to environmental scientists, managers, and regulators. The importance of karst aquifers to
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