Transport ekonomija - uticaj saobraćajne infrastrukture na ekonomski razvoj ruralnih sredina

The main and important element of infrastructure is transport, therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of public production, it is necessary to develop transport infrastructure, high-quality transport services in order to ensure the connectivity of the economic area. Currently, any country sets a goal – that is the formation of a modern highly efficient transport and logistics infrastructure. Transport needs to be viewed in a dynamic context in terms of its ability to contribute to the economy. The development of transport infrastructure is multidimensional, which depends on many factors. It has several directions, the evaluation of which requires a new approach to the development of new methods that would ensure the objectivity of research in modern conditions. The paper substantiates the need for effective interaction of railway, automobile, river and sea modes of transport in a balanced distribution of cargo flows, reducing transport costs in the price of goods, which will increase the competitiveness of domestic goods on the world market. The authors discuss the main trends in the development of foreign and domestic transport infrastructure. It is concluded that the development of transport infrastructure is possible due to the development, development of methods and methods of high-performance and efficient use of high-tech technologies, innovative forms and methods of organization, information, and digital technologies.

South Africa will host one of the Soccer World Cups in 2010. The planning of this event will require that the present transport system be upgraded not only for the event, but also to support sustainable economic growth and development in the period post 2010. For the National Department of Transport (NDOT), the 2010 FIFA World Cup needs to be a success if the accelerated transport investment secured in preparation for 2010 must support and address the upgrading in the quality transport services, infrastructure and systems within the national space economy. The transport services and infrastructure provided in 2010 must thus meet the requirements of efficiency, safety, quality and cost-effectiveness in the growth and development of the South African economy within the goals and objectives of the accelerated growth initiative (ASGISA). The services and infrastructure developed must be accessible to visitors and citizens alike within South Africa. Transport forms the ‘lifeblood’ of the development of any spatial system and is thus the key driver in economic and spatial growth and development. The present transport system, infrastructure and services in South Africa are already under enormous pressure due to rapidly increasing urbanization following democratization in 1994. The development of transport infrastructure and services for the World Cup 2010 thus serves as an important incentive to address existing needs and unlock further development potential. This paper analyzes the transport planning undertaken in South Africa based on an assessment of the impact of the event and its role to support and facilitate development in the period after 2010. The recent initiative to prepare a National Transport Master Plan for 2050 (NATMAP) for South Africa will be used as the basis on which to assess the value and contribution of the transportation planning projects presently being implemented.

The factors and mechanisms of the dynamics of global economic growth at the present stage have been analyzed and summarized. Over the past decades, many determinants have increased uncertainty in the global economy development, affecting the decline in aggregate factor productivity through various channels. The purpose of the study is to assess the mechanisms of deceleration and divergence of global economic growth, which significantly limit sustainable social and economic development in the global economy, as well as to discuss scenarios and ways to prevent a slowdown in global growth. The challenges of this slowdown for the sustainability of the global economy have been discussed, and new growth trends that emerged in 2022-2024 have been systematized. An additional aspect of the study was the assessment of the negative risks of global economic growth in the future, related to the current concerns about ongoing inflation and recession. The mechanisms that determine the growth divergence and uncertainty have been identified, including using the example of the dynamics observed in individual countries and assessing economic policies implemented in these states (including in terms of countering inflation). Several scenarios of global economic growth for the medium term have been presented, suggesting the opportunities implementation to prevent a slowdown in growth. If growth slows down in the medium term, it will have a negative impact on income convergence between states, as it will become increasingly difficult for poor countries to catch up with rich ones. There are distributional consequences of a slowdown in growth in the medium term for global inequality and wellfare.

The road transport system plays an extremely important role in maintaining and promoting the socio-economic development of the country and localities. The development of transport infrastructure, especially road transport, is an essential factor to facilitate sustainable development. A synchronous, modern and efficient road transport system will have great positive impacts. It helps facilitate the movement of people and goods, reducing transportation time and costs. This helps to enhance connectivity between regions, reduce the development gap between regions, expand the market and create healthy competition. Therefore, in the socio-economic development strategy of the country or locality, investment and development of road transport infrastructure should be considered a top priority. Only with a modern, synchronously developed and advanced road transport system can the country and localities achieve great potentials and benefits in economic and social development.

In a global economy, the economic opportunities and economic success of a country or region are linked to the mobility of people and goods, with the intensive use of information and communication technology. The connection between the quantity and quality of transport infrastructure and the level of economic development is obvious. The transport sector plays an important role in today’s economy and society and has a major impact on the economy of a country or region. An efficient transport sector is a critical component of economic development. Certainly, the development of the country's transport sector is an indicator of its economic prosperity and success. Developed transport infrastructure and connected transport networks are positively correlated with a high level of economic development. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive effects such as better access to markets, employment and additional investment. When transport systems are underdeveloped and unreliable, they can cause economic costs such as reduced or missed market opportunities and lower quality of life. Assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of transport projects should be mandatory when making a decision regarding their implementation. Transport is the basis of trade infrastructure, it has a significant impact on the competitiveness of certain industries in countries and regions. Imperfections in the transport system negatively affect the efficiency of the economy as a whole. Conversely, the accelerated development of transport infrastructure and the improvement of transport and logistics systems can have a significant impact on economic growth and ultimately on the population well-being. The quality of transport services has a great impact on the quality of people lives. On average, 13.2% of the budget of each household is spent on transportation of goods and services. The transport sector significantly contributes to the economy of a country by providing jobs for a large number of people involved in vehicle production, traffic safety control, vehicle management, which enables safe and efficient movement of people and goods. In short, transport networks are the heart of the supply chain and the foundation of every country's economy. The transport sector also facilitates international trade. In the conditions of globalization, where no country can fully function in isolation from other countries, the transport sector is crucial for the development of trade. Without adequate transport infrastructure, national and international trade would be almost impossible, and developing countries would find it significantly more difficult to integrate into the global economy. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the development of transport and transport systems for the economy at the national and global level.

This article attempts to apply the theory of public goods to the transport sphere. The characteristics and classifications of specific types of public goods, i.e. pure goods, club goods, and common goods, are presented. In this respect, attention is paid to spatial, economic, social, and environmental criteria. The role of public goods in correcting the failure of market mechanisms should be emphasized. Defined through the prism of transport services, the lack of proper transport accessibility may be an example of the failure of market mechanisms. This is the case when the demand for transport services is low, which results in limited offers from market participants. The role of the central and/or local government is to correct this situation by assuming the role of public transport organiser in such areas. Transport infrastructure is another important element affecting transport function. As a public good, its significance is related to the characteristics of infrastructure, which include: a long development period, high capital intensity, and typically a long period of return on capital investment. These features mean that private capital rarely engages in the development of transport infrastructure.

In developing metropolitan cities, the expansion of urban areas due to the urbanization phenomenon has resulted in massive transport infrastructure development in suburban areas. This development has prompted many governments to begin introducing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) to organize emerging transit hubs in suburban areas into their city plans. The approach adopted to introduce TOD may differ, depending on the existing context. Countries with similar socio-cultural background typically adopt a uniform approach, but not Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur as the most developing metropolitan cities in Southeast Asia with similar urbanization and socio-cultural Based on the situation, through the examining documents and spatial analysis, this study seeks to examine the impact of different policy approach between Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur on the progressions of transport infrastructure and TOD areas in suburban. The results showed that Kuala Lumpur had a more rapid progression in transport infrastructures development, accompanied by the establishment of several transit zones in urban and suburban areas. Meanwhile, Jakarta’s approach comprised the gradual development of infrastructures, initially focusing on TOD in central urban areas and only a limited number of suburban areas with significant commuter traffic. These results indicate that differences in policy approaches in the two regions with similar urbanization and socio-cultural contexts influence the evolution of transport infrastructure and TOD areas development. Several factors contribute to these discrepancies, including efficiency, synchrony, bias, clarity of organizational structure, and conceptual comprehension. At macro basis, policy makers must underline that the characteristics suitability between the approach and region critically determines the success of urban development.

As one of the most important technological sectors in the new wave of industrial revolution, the digital economy is fundamentally reshaping strategic competition between nations. Specifically, the digital economy plays a dual role in shaping national security, economic development, and social stability. On one hand, the digital economy has become the most dynamic and influential engine of global economic growth. On the other hand, the dual-use nature of digital technologies poses serious national security risks in the absence of effective regulatory oversight. As a new economic paradigm, competition in the digital economy not only relies on technological innovation but also involves competition for market dominance and rule-making authority. To gain an advantageous position in global digital economic competition, countries must master core digital technologies, expand global market reach, and build robust digital infrastructures. Moreover, actively participating in the formulation of international digital rules — particularly in data governance and privacy protection — is essential. Only countries that achieve a balance between technology, market, and regulatory power can secure leadership in the global digital economy. The competition in the digital economy, as a key battleground of the new industrial revolution, has driven the rise of technonationalism, which profoundly influences the strategic orientation of national digital economic policies. Digital technology issues are increasingly securitized. With the ongoing development of digital technologies and the rising importance of the digital economy in global economic processes, interactions and competition among nations in the digital domain are becoming a new feature of great power rivalry.

The development of public infrastructure is essential for any country to achieve its economic and social development goals. Effective public infrastructure has a far-reaching impact in helping the economy achieve policies in the transport sector. The development of transport infrastructure is linked to economic growth, due to the fact that the share of capital expenditure for investment projects increases in total consumption (Bakalova, 2018). Development and expansion of the technological base is achieved, as the construction and maintenance of transport infrastructure stimulate public spending. The purpose of the article is to outline the main trends in building the infrastructure in Bulgaria for the different types of transport. The ability of transport assets to maintain their level of service to the end of their service life and their flexibility in meeting changes in demand patterns is analyzed. In conclusion, the main trends in the expansion of infrastructure capacity, the approaches to maintenance, modernization and the integration of new digital technologies in its construction are brought out.

The article examines the interrelationship between agglomeration management and state transport policy as mechanisms of political governance aimed at addressing strategic objectives in achieving national development goals. The factors contributing to the development of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region elucidate the particular interest and high demands for the development of the transport system of the St. Petersburg agglomeration as a whole, as well as its transport infrastructure in particular. Based on the results of the study, the main problems facing the transport system of the agglomeration are identified; the primary parameters of the most significant projects (The Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD), Ring Road-2) are outlined. Additionally, the article highlights other initiatives focused on the development of aviation and railway transport infrastructure, which underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring and adjustments regarding the prioritization of measures to improve transport infrastructure, accelerate implementation timelines, and engage in political forecasting concerning the development of transport infrastructure, taking into account the synergistic effects derived from the realization of the The Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD) and Ring Road-2 projects.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine global monetary economic growth with free trade. It develops a multi‐country monetary growth model with capital accumulation to provide some insights into complexity of economic globalization with free trade and financial markets.Design/methodology/approachThe real aspects of the model is based on the neoclassical growth theory and monetary aspects of the model are based on the money‐in‐utility approach. The behavior of households is based on an alternative approach. The paper shows that the dynamics of the J‐country world economy can be described by 2J‐dimensional differential equations.FindingsThis paper simulates equilibrium and motion of the global economy with three, developed, newly industrializing, and developing countries and Cobb‐Douglas production functions. As the global monetary economic system is unstable, the perfectly competitive world economy may either experience unlimited growth or economic crisis. Because of the choice of the initial conditions and the parameters, the simulation demonstrates a situation of global economic declination. This paper also demonstrates, for instance, that the global economy worsens off as the developed economy reduces its propensity to save or increases its inflation policy.Social implicationsThis paper also tries to provide some possible implications of our model for the recent economic crisis. A policy implication of the results is that as global economies with free trade and financial markets are possibly structurally unstable and the global economy may suffer from economic declination, government interventions, and co‐operation among countries are necessary for global sustainable development.Originality/valueThe paper offers insights into the linkage between national monetary policies and global economic growth.

<p>Methodologically this research is based on the approach of many social scientists who argue that there is a bidirectional link: one runs from human capital development to economic growth and overall human development, when human capital helps increase national income and society development; the other runs from economic growth to human capital development, as the resources from national income are allocated to activities contributing to human capital development. The study aims to empirically verify the existence of this interaction by carrying out a correlation analysis of the human capital development level among 120 countries, assessed by the Human Capital Index, and the world's national economic development level, as demonstrated by the Global Competitiveness Index, as well as the level of development of the world's nations (societies) as demonstrated by the Human Development Index.</p>The result of the analysis empirically demonstrated a strong link between the human capital development with the country's economic (r = +0.944, p = 0.000) and national development (r = +0.882, p = 0.000) in total by all countries. Nevertheless, carrying out the correlation analysis by groups of countries, which are divided according to the calculation methodology of the Global Competitiveness Index, depending on their stage of economic development, the relationship between human capital development and nation’s development is becoming weaker in some groups of countries, with the remaining strong correlation between the development of human capital and the economic development of a state in all groups of countries. This means that only highly developed human capital can contribute to the country's economic development, and vice versa, national economic performance increases human capital development in the framework of effective development policy. On the other hand, not always a close interaction between nation’s development and human capital development can be faced, since a highly developed human capital means the quality of the developed human capital

Background. A developed transport infrastructure is one of the defining elements of the sustainable growth of any region, because it contributes to the improvement of people's living standards, creates conditions for the effective functioning of the goods and services market, and is also a basic prerequisite for the economic growth of the country as a whole. Transport services occupy a significant place in territorial planning, because the existing and planned transport network affects the potential level of use of the territory, the location and specialization of the economy, the formation of network and logistics structures (houses, logistics centers, industrial parks, etc.). The rational use of urban space, a well-thoughtout combination of individual modes of transport (railway, road, urban, aviation, pipeline), establishing connections between communities by individual modes of transport (access roads, train stations, stations and stops, airports) creates a single transport system, the operation of which can ensure the minimization of time spent on the movement of passengers and goods, both internal and external, as well as closer and more intensive connections between communities. Transport is involved in the creation of products and the distribution of these products to consumers, it interconnects the production and consumption of products between different sectors of the economy, between countries or regions. Transport plays an important role in the emergence and development of intensive exchange of goods between the various territories involved in this division. The degree of development of transport depends on the growth of the division of labor in the territory, its strengthening and the emergence of new, more efficient forms. Transport infrastructure has an impact on the quality of life and the development of cities, therefore a deep theoretical analysis of its work becomes an important and urgent task. Methods. The following methods were used: the comparative-geographical method of the transport structure of the city of Chernivtsi, the analysis and comparison of the route network according to indicators of efficiency, resource consumption and satisfaction of passenger needs, as well as the descriptive method. Results. Using a descriptive method, negative trends in the transportation structure were identified, including the aging of vehicles, an insufficient number of routes, and the overloading of key routes. An analysis of the route network was conducted based on efficiency indicators, resource consumption, and passenger satisfaction. Based on the obtained data and analysis results, specific decisions can be made to optimize the route network, including schedule adjustments, route reorganization, and improvements in service quality and passenger satisfaction. This approach will contribute to enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of urban public transportation. Conclusions. It was found that the transport structure of the city of Chernivtsi needs constant development and improvement, as it does not fully meet the needs of the population. Among the main tasks at the moment is the constant optimization and creation of new public transport routes to meet the needs of residents and avoid duplication between buses and electric transport. The further functioning of the city's transport system should be aimed at the maximum use of external opportunities and internal advantages, while simultaneously solving the problems of its development to ensure quality transport services in the region.

This research included some concepts of historical areas that were exposed to the concepts of sustainable development to deal with historical areas, to derive from them the benefit that we are trying to apply to historical areas in our Iraqi cities. By reviewing the concepts of sustainable development in the field of historical areas, we find alternative solutions or policies that have already been applied, and they aim to develop historical areas, especially those located in city centres and also aim to achieve various concepts of urban and environmental development in these areas (such as preservation, restoration and rehabilitation). This is in addition to realizing the concepts of economic and social development (such as Al-Aziz, social cohesion, economic growth, and others). Accordingly, the research problem is the lack of knowledge regarding the application of the concepts of sustainability in projects and programs for historical areas locally. While the hypothesis was that sustainable development provides the basic capabilities to solve projects and programs for historical areas that have been exposed to the concepts of sustainability to deal with them for some experiences through which we can benefit and try to apply them in our cities and line with the Iraqi nature. The research aims to review some of the Arab and international experiences of dealing with historical areas in light of the concepts of sustainability. The methodology was following the functional, analytical approach to know the most important indicators related to reaching the objectives of the research. The research found that the best mechanisms or policies in dealing with historical areas are those that deal with the concepts of urban sustainability. It was found through sustainable global experiences that the most important results are the general planning of sustainable development projects, the financing needed to complete sustainable projects, the role of popular participation in this project, institutional thought factors to complete sustainable environmental projects, technical and urban factors necessary for these projects, and the most important tools used in the research is a descriptive analysis by analysing the results of sustainable global experiences.

The paper discusses the question if the global economy already entered a phase of a global recession. This is based on the IMF definition that a global recession occurs if global real GDP growth falls below 3%. Taking actual GDP numbers for the Chinese economy published by the Conference Board for the last and the current year and correcting the contribution of China to the global growth accordingly, one finds that instead of the official global GDP growth 0f 3.1% published by the IMF it would be significantly lower at 2.6%. In the following sections the author looks for further empirical evidence to support the more pessimistic view resulting from the different statistical data for China. The stock market crashes in China last year is a key indicator that something extraordinarily happen on the financial markets. Furthermore there are other indicators which give evidence that this spilled over into the Chinese economy and could not be contained to the financial sector. Since China is already in a complicated transition process to escape the middle income trap by upgrading their economy towards a more high-tech oriented internationally economy this had unexpected negative repercussion on the Chinese growth. Furthermore there is evidence that the World Economy Outlook published by the IMF has systematically been biased upwards concerning the global GDP growth in the past. The author therefore concludes that it is a risky strategy to not take major steps to stabilize the global economy by a joint-effort of the G20 countries now. Complacency could have dear consequences if the current global recession gets worse in the coming year. It is not only China which has a fragile economic environment but the Japan, the US and the EU as well as other BRICS-countries are in a bad shape to support the global growth in the near future.