Abstract
In all ultrasonic material evaluation methods, transducers and sensors play a key role of mechanoelectrical conversion. Their transduction characteristics must be known quantitatively in designing and implementing successful structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Yet, their calibration and verification have lagged behind most other aspects of SHM system development. This study aims to extend recent advances in quantifying the transmission and receiving sensitivities to normally incident longitudinal waves of ultrasonic transducers and acoustic emission sensors. This paper covers extending the range of detection to lower frequencies, expanding to areal and multiple sensing methods and examining transducer loading effects. Using the refined transmission characteristics, the receiving sensitivities of transducers and sensors were reexamined under the conditions representing their actual usage. Results confirm that the interfacial wave transmission is governed by wave propagation theory and that the receiving sensitivity of resonant acoustic emission sensors peaks at antiresonance.
Highlights
The use of ultrasonic material evaluation methods started from Firestone’s work [1].By the late 1950s, they had become an indispensable industrial tool as a part of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods
The results are quantitatively comparable to laser interferometry and have less spectral fluctuations than point-sensing LI-based spectra
The high frequency sensing limit appears to be about 5 MHz for capacitive sensors of simple design used here, but the limit should be extendable with attention to proper electromechanical design
Summary
By the late 1950s, they had become an indispensable industrial tool as a part of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods This was most prominent especially for the inspection of large turbine rotor steel forgings [2]. Applications of ultrasonic testing (UT) rapidly expanded in both engineering and medicine, primarily focusing on the detection of internal defects and irregularities [3,4]. Another ultrasonic method, acoustic emission (AE), emerged by the early 1960s and offered a valuable quality assurance tool for rocket motorcases, made of steels or fiber-reinforced composites [5]. The need to define the field strength distribution is common to both
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