Translation, Retranslation, Imagology: Representations of Englishness in A Bear Called Paddington and Its Hungarian Retranslation

Introduction: The Gender and Queer Politics of Translation: New Approaches

Functionalism in translation studies

Yenidenyazma kavramı, edebiyat, metinlerarasılık gibi alanlarda etkisini gösteren ve araştırılan bir kavramdır. Metinlerarasılık çalışmalarında, bir metnin kendinden önceki başka bir metinden belirli yöntemlerle gerek doğrudan gerekse dolaylı bir biçimde ifadeler taşıması sonucunda iki metin arasında oluşan ilişki bağlamında ele alınan bu kavram, son zamanlarda çeviribilim alanında da kendini göstermektedir. Çeviri sürecinde erek metin, kaynak metnin biçimsel düzeyde bir çeşit yeniden yazması olarak kabul edilmektedir. Süreç sonunda ortaya çıkan erek metin ile hareket noktası olan kaynak metin arasında bu bağlamda metinlerarası bir ilişkinin söz konusu olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Özellikle de dillerarası çeviri bağlamında düşündüğümüzde, belirli bir dil dizgesinde yazılmış kaynak metin, başka bir dil dizgesinde yeniden yazılmaktadır. Bu yenidenyazma süreci sonunda ortaya çıkan erek metin, kaynak metinle aynı içeriği, mesajı, anlamı ve etkiyi taşıyan fakat biçimsel olarak kaynak metin dizgesinden farklılık gösteren bir metindir. Çünkü dillerarası çeviride çevirmenin amacı, kaynak metni başka bir dile aynı anlamı, etkiyi ve içeriği verebilecek şekilde aktarmaktır. Böylece hem metinlerarasılıkta hem de çeviride yenidenyazma ile biçimsel bir dönüşüm söz konusudur. Buradan hareketle, yenidenyazma kavramını metinlerarasılık ve çeviri sürecinin ortak noktası olarak değerlendirebiliriz. Böylece, her iki süreçte de var olan yenidenyazma (dönüşüm) sayesinde metinlerarasılıktaki altmetin ve anametin (üstmetin) ile çevirideki kaynak ve erek metin arasında bir benzetme yapmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, metinlerarasılık ve çeviri ilişkisine yenidenyazma bağlamında yaklaşıp çevirinin metinlerarası bir süreç olduğunu farklı bir açıdan göstermek ve her iki alana ait metin kavramları arasında ilişki kurmaktır.

A fundamental issue with reference to the translation process concerns the type of relation between the original and the translated text. Peirce indicates three possibilities: icon, index and symbol. For many scholars it is a given that the relation of similarity between the original text and the translated text predominates and that the iconic relation ordinarily describes the character of translation. However, evidence is provided in this paper to show from a theoretical viewpoint (i.e. from that of translation studies) and a practical viewpoint (with examples provided) that a relationship between source text and target text which is characterised as iconic can only be weakly iconic because a target text can never fully resemble its source text in every respect linguistically and culturally. Furthermore in certain cases an indexical or symbolic relationship rather than an iconic one may even predominate. Since the 1980s, discourses about translation have broadened steadily. An outflow of these developments is a greater understanding of the superordinate categories of translation and the fact that the relation between source and target text is no longer only one of resemblance (i.e. iconicity). An example of iconicity from the Koran and its translation is provided as evidence for a predominant, but weak iconic relationship between source text and target text. Examples from the Sesotho Bible translation and Das neue Testament illustrate that the predominant relationship can also be indexical or symbolic (rather than iconic), respectively.

The aim of the article is to develop a methodology for translation analysis of specialized texts for application in the training of future translators. To achieve this objective, the author addresses several key tasks: establishes parameters for analyzing both source and target texts; defines the scope of the study; selects a representative English-language source text in the field of patents; analyzes it according to the established parameters; formulates a hypothesis about the translation strategies most likely to be used for this source text; analyzes the Ukrainian translation text to determine the translation methods used; and concludes whether the initial assumption based on the source text analysis is validated. The study employs linguistic analysis for the source text and translatological analysis for the target text. The material used is a 526-word fragment from a U.S. patent, specifically a brief description of an invention, within the specialized (technical) field that forms part of the training content for future translators. Following the study, the author draws conclusions that support the hypothesis made during the pre-translation analysis and provide additional refinements. At the syntactic level, the analysis reveals that the translation typically follows the structure of the source text in sentences with simpler constructs, while complex sentences main, subordinate, or coordinate clauses can maintain their structure, other segments necessitate transformations. The dealing with very long sentences, they often need toтранслатологічний сфери, яка входить до змісту навчання майбутніх перекладачів. За результатами дослідження, сформульовано його висновки, відповідно до яких проведений аналіз тексту перекладу загалом підтвердивm ost common transformation is the replacement of passive voice clauses with active voice. When be divided into shorter, more manageable units, leading to further structural changes. The article concludes that the proposed methodology for translation analysis of specialized source and target texts shows promise for use in training future translators. It can help develop the theoretical component of students' translation competence, as well as provide insights into many significant concepts in translation studies and mastery of translation analysis methodologies. However, the author notes that this assumption requires further verification, suggesting that additional research is needed to confirm the proposed methodology's effectiveness.

Summary translation is a regular practice in the government, commercial, and industrial sectors, yet it has received little attention in Translation Studies. Summary translation differs from “normal full translation” in the level of deliberate semantic reduction and linguistic compression or expansion relative to the source text (ST), the extent of ST–target text (TT) correspondence and the differential weighing of content. This qualitative study investigated the cognitive processes involved in summarizing translation. For this study, keystroke logging data were collected from 26 third-year BA students of Applied Linguistics who were asked to translate a Spanish opinion piece into Dutch by reducing the ST word count by more than 50 %. An analysis of the keystroke logging data, the researcher’s observational notes and paper copies of the ST showed that summarization takes place in all the phases of the translation process. During the pre-writing phase, ST content weighing and selection could be observed in the highlighting of keywords, phrases and/or sentences in the ST. Moreover, outline planning could be observed, indicating a hierarchical organisation of the discourse. These ST markings and TT outlines seemed to serve as cognitive artefacts, since the students used them both to start and to guide their TT drafting. During the TT drafting, two major translation strategies could be observed: literal patchwork translation and paraphrasing. Summarization during TT drafting was carried out through omission, deletion (through online revision), generalization, and construction strategies – the latter two being especially present among those students who employed the paraphrasing strategy. Interestingly, eight students did not engage directly in summarization but started to translate the first ST paragraphs in full, although they subsequently switched to a more summarizing approach. Summarization through the deletion of TT content and/or the reduction of the TT word count was also observable in the post-writing phase. A certain interplay could be observed between planning and TT production strategies.

While there has been considerable discussion of metaphors within translation studies, relatively few studies have systematically investigated how metonymy is translated. This study attempted to fill this research gap through Conceptual Metonymy Theory, developed by cognitive linguists. Based on the conceptual metonymies listed in Kovecses (2002, 2010), this study examined metonymic expressions in an English political text (Niall Ferguson’s Civilization: The West and the Rest) and the corresponding text translated into Korean. Thirty metonymic expressions were identified, which were all instantiations of the conceptual metonymies that were present in both languages. A comparative analysis of the source texts (STs) and the target texts (TTs) revealed literal translation (43.3%) to be the most common method used. The conceptual metonymy was identical in the ST and TT, and the metonymic expression in the ST was rendered in the same way in the TT. Other methods of translation included deletion of the metonymy (36.7%), replacement of the metonymic expression in the ST with another expression in the TT while preserving the same conceptual metonymy (13.3%), and addition of a metonymy in the TT (6.7%). The importance of accessing conceptual metonymies through translation is discussed with respect to its implications for English language teaching.

This chapter outlines a methodology to complement discussions on the notion of equivalence in translation studies, employing eye-tracking to measure readers’ responses, before and after translation, to stylistic language varieties in a literary case study. This research is unique in that there has not, to date, been any research using eye-tracking approaches to study how people read language varieties such as dialects and, furthermore, eye-tracking has not previously been used in translation studies to measure and compare cognitive responses between the source and target texts. Scholars have commented on the “levelling effect” of translation when a literary dialect is encountered in the source text, a phenomenon that could significantly alter a reader’s experience of individual characters within a novel or a novel as a whole. The research reported in this chapter proposes a method to gauge the degree of equivalence in cognitive effects between source text and target text over marked stylistic varieties, in terms of how readers react at certain points in the text, as manifested through the eye-tracking data, as a means to ascertain the extent to which this levelling effect is present at selected points in the given case study. The experiment employs three study groups: one reading extracts from the original French text, another reading the original English translation, and a third reading a modified translation in which the language varieties have been largely neutralised. The experiment method is explained in full, together with the accompanying statistical methods of analysis, which provide the quantitative basis for judgements regarding the notion of cognitive equivalence in the translation of the case study text. This chapter therefore presents an innovative methodology which can be developed and employed in other similar studies on other forms of marked language in future.

Linear vs. non-linear translation in parallel text reading

The article analyses adaptation in relation to key categories and concepts in translation studies. The aim of the article is to substantiate sociocultural and pragmatic adaptation as a distinct translation method in its intersections with translation models, foreignization and domestication strategies, paradigms in translation studies, the concept of dynamic equivalence, and the category of coherence. Pragmatic adaptation is related to the functional model of translation, according to which the translator is guided by institution-specified parameters of the target text, adapting the source text to the target-text purpose. Sociocultural adaptation correlates with the denotative model, using it in cases where the choice of translation variant is impossible without reference to the situational context presented in the source text, as well as with the communicative model, which includes various components of the extralinguistic context. Both types of adaptation align with the informative model of translation, oriented towards conveying different types of information from the source text—not only denotative but also connotative, sociocultural, pragmatic, and encyclopedic. In terms of translation typology, adaptation correlates with transcoding – achieving text equivalence by simplifying its structure and content to make the translated text more accessible to an audience lacking the necessary knowledge. It also aligns with communicative translation, which aims to achieve an effect on the target text readers equivalent to that of the source text. From the perspective of the main paradigms in translation studies, adaptation strategies correlate with the cultural paradigm in its cognitive-semantic and real-cultural dimensions. Adaptation is applied in cases of linguistic, cultural, conceptual-semantic, value-based, normative, contextual, and idiomatic non-equivalence. In translation adaptation, the translator can apply either foreignization or domestication, or combine both. When using the domestication strategy, the main techniques involve free, idiomatic or communicative translation, and actual adaptation. The concept of adaptation is related to the dynamic equivalence, as opposed to formal equivalence. From the perspective of cohesion and coherence categories reproduced in translation, adaptation correlates with co

This article explores the syntactic parallelism in Mulan. The data are carried out from the secondary sources. The qualitative and descriptive method is used for analysis. The sixteen sentences are taken from the source and their targets were noted along with the transliteration. The selected sentences were analyzed on the basis of structure, functions and voice. On the basis of syntactic parallelism, the findings have been drawn on the basis of voice, sentence types and sentence function. Most of the Nepali active voices in the source text (ST) have been translated into English active voices in the target text (TT). Therefore, the tendency of active (ST) into active (TT) was very high. Throughout the sampled data, Nepali passive voice (ST) into English passive voice (TT) has very low. Similarly on the basis of sentence types, simple sentences in the ST translated into simple sentences in the TT has higher tendency as compared to compound sentences in the ST translated into compound sentences in the TT. The complex sentences in the ST translated into complex sentences in the TT have highest tendency. Likewise on the basis of sentence function, the declarative sentences in the ST into declarative sentences in the TT has highest tendency. Interrogative sentences in the ST into interrogative sentences in the TT has higher tendency than exclamatory sentences in the ST into exclamatory in the TT.The imperative sentence (ST) into imperative sentence (TT) has lowest tendency.

Critical translation study draws upon descriptive translation studies and critical discourse analysis. It tends to uncover the influence of the translator’s ideology on the target text through selecting the source text, making comparison with the target text, and examining the translation methods. Meanwhile, the addition of corpus expands the methodology of critical translation study from qualitative study to the new trend fusing qualitative and quantitative studies. Thus, the examination of ideology embedded in the linguistic features of target texts can be statistically evidenced with different types of data with significant difference, including typical sentence patterns and micro-linguistic features. To this end, this study establishes a parallel corpus featuring one source text (i.e., To the Lighthouse) with multiple target texts (i.e., two Chinese translations). Notably, the source text is selected due to its representative status in the feminist study authored by Virginia Woolf, and its two Chinese translations are selected due to their popularity in China, translated by Qu Shijing and Ma Ainong, respectively. Moreover, the personalized translations of gendered language in the source text are examined from both the macro and micro linguistic levels, thereby exploring the gender consciousness and its fluidity constructed by male and female translators in the two translations.

This research is about the use of footnotes in an Indonesian source text and in an English target text. It involves a translation of literary work called a novel from Indonesian into English. The novel deals with some cultures; Arabic/Islamic culture applied in Islamic boarding school, Minangkabau culture, and Indonesian culture. That is why the author needs to strengthen information using footnotes regarding some terms or words in his novel. When or which words need to be put as footnotes depend on the author’s preference, and this is also what occurs in the target text; the translator has her own preference whether to keep the footnotes as footnotes in her target text or insert them as additional information in the text. The footnotes in the source text are almost four times outnumbered the footnotes in the target text. Using the descriptive qualitative method, this research is to give a description of the translation of footnotes into footnotes and about the information provided in the footnotes either in the source text or in the target text. And using Translation Studies in analyzing the data, this research is to find out the procedures of translation involved in the translation from footnotes into footnotes. The results show that translating footnotes into footnotes cannot use only one single procedure; it needs at least a combination of two procedures, namely couplets, or of three procedures, namely triplets, and quadruplets, a combination of four procedures; and the footnoted words or terms or sentences provide information mostly about Arabic daily conversation between a teacher and his students at school and about address terms used in Minangkabau language.

This article focuses on museum audio description (AD) as a modality of intersemiotic translation (IT) primarily addressed to people with visual impairments. Still at an early stage of development in terms of both academic research and professional practices, museum AD lies at the crossroads of a variety of disciplines, such as translation studies (TS) and museum studies (MS). The aim of this contribution is to suggest a reconceptualization of traditional notions in TS (source text and equivalence) in the context of museum AD and encompassing the translational phenomenon per se. Theoretical considerations from MS and specific guidelines for museum AD practices will offer cross-disciplinary insights to redefine such concepts and reflect upon translation as a semiosic process in which meanings are created, rather than transferred. This article suggests the coincidence in AD of source and target texts as sensory experience and puts forth the concept of experiential equivalence.

This study reports on an investigation into the relationship between the number of translation alternatives for a single word and eye movements on the source text. In addition, the effect of word order differences between source and target text on eye movements on the source text is studied. In particular, the current study investigates the effect of these variables on early and late eye movement measures. Early eye movement measures are indicative of processes that are more automatic while late measures are more indicative of conscious processing. Most studies that found evidence of target language activation during source text reading in translation, i.e. co-activation of the two linguistic systems, employed late eye movement measures or reaction times. The current study therefore aims to investigate if and to what extent earlier eye movement measures in reading for translation show evidence of co-activation. Results show that the number of translation alternatives for a single word and differences between source and target text in terms of word order have an effect on very early and late eye movement measures. Results are interpreted in terms of semantic and structural cross-linguistic priming: items which have a similar word order in source and target texts are likely to have similar syntactic structures. These items are therefore more likely to prime structurally. Source items which have few translation alternatives are more likely to share a semantic representation and are hence more likely to prime semantically than items with more translation alternatives. Findings support the literal translation hypothesis.