Abstract
Background:Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Malaysia, and the incidence of 31.1 per 100,000 population is comparatively higher than other Southeast Asian countries. Diagnosis tends to occur at later stages which may be due, partly, to inadequate knowledge about warning signs and symptoms. Therefore, this study investigated the validity and reliability of a UK-developed measure in the context of assessing women’s awareness of breast cancer in Malaysia. Aims:This study aimed to translate, adapt and validate the internationally recognised Breast Cancer Awareness Measure (B-CAM) into the Malay language. Methods:The original B-CAM (Cancer Research UK) was forward and backward translated and content validation was ascertained. Face validity (n=30), test-retest reliability (n=50) and the internal consistency of the B-CAM-M (M for Malay language) were assessed in a community sample of adults (n=251) in 2018. Results:The translated B-CAM-M was validated by an expert panel. The Item-Content Validity Index ranged from .83 to 1.00. The results from the survey (n=251) indicated that the B-CAM-M was well received by Malay-speaking women across the main ethnic groups (85 Malay, 84 Chinese and 82 Indian adults). Cronbach alpha scores for the knowledge about breast cancer symptoms (0.83) and the barriers to healthcare seeking items (0.75) were high. Test-retest reliability (separated by 2-week-interval) with 50 randomly selected participants from the community survey produced intra-class correlations ranging from 0.39 to 0.69. Conclusion:The Malay-version, the B-CAM-M, is a culturally acceptable, valid and reliable assessment tool with which to measure breast cancer awareness among Malay-speaking women.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women worldwide (WHO, 2014)
The results from the survey (n=251) indicated that the Breast Cancer Awareness Measure (B-CAM)-M was well received by Malay-speaking women across the main ethnic groups (85 Malay, 84 Chinese and 82 Indian adults)
The validation process showed that the majority of items in the original B-CAM were applicable to Malaysians suitably translated and adapted and only a small number of items, referring to the local health care system were changed
Summary
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women worldwide (WHO, 2014). it is the leading cause of cancer among women in Malaysia with an incidence of 31.1 per 100,000 population (Manan et al, 2016). A validated tool in Malay language would help to investigate women’s awareness about signs and symptoms and risk factors for breast cancer and the utilization of screening programs as well as contribute to the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. The Breast Cancer Awareness Measure (B-CAM) is the internationally recognised measure that was developed (Linsell et al, 2010; CancerResearchUK, 2011) to measure breast cancer awareness in the UK (Campbell et al, 2016). Since it has been translated and validated in Arabic, Persian and Swahili (Al-Khasawneh et al, 2016; Heidari and Feizi, 2018; Wachira et al, 2017)
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