Translation and the making of history: The objectification of Mao Zedong

This dataset is based on the Intensive Reading of Mao Zedong's Poetry published by Beijing Culture and Art Publishing House in 2007, and refers to the Collected Poems of Mao Zedong and The Annals of Mao Zedong (compiled by the Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee) and other literature and geographical information, analyzes and extracts the literary and geographical information such as the creation time, poetry theme and genre, poetry theme, place of creation, literary landscape, landscape elements, landscape location, etc., and constructs a literary landscape dataset of Mao Zedong's poetry. Organize and form two Excel data tables: poetry TXT text set, poetry data table, and poetry landscape table. As an important part of China's excellent traditional poetry culture, how to achieve creative transformation and innovative development, so as to maximize the literary aesthetic education value of Mao Zedong's poetry. This dataset can be used as an incision for research, providing data support for the research of Mao Zedong's poetic language and culture, landscape culture and ideological and political culture, and making an exploratory attempt for the popularization of Mao Zedong's poetry and explicit studies.This dataset collects and organizes all the influential poems that Mao Zedong officially published during his lifetime, totaling 67 poems(ze). The literary information and geographical information of Mao Zedong's poetry are extracted separately: the poetry and literary information are extracted according to the Mao Zedong Poetry Collection and Mao Zedong Poetry Intensive Reading and related materials; the geographical information of the poems is extracted by using the ancient and modern place names, landscape names and adjectives with landscape characteristics in Mao Zedong's poems as keywords. After the poetry information collection is completed, the extracted poetry literature information and geographic information data are integrated, proofread, and integrated into a table. The data source, data collection and data processing process of this dataset are shown in Figure 1. The relationship between the poetry data table and the poetry landscape table established is: the poet creates poetry and the literary landscape contained in the poem. Data time range: 1893-1976; Geographical area: China's administrative division range; data volume: 170; data format: *.txt &*.xlsx.The data in the landscape data table of Mao Zedong's poetry includes the location information of the place described by the poem and the literary landscape information, and its Chinese landscape data includes the landscape name, landscape elements, landscape type, landscape description, poetry landscape label, the province, the city, the specific address, and the geographical coordinates. The specific extraction method of data is that both the name and content of the poem may contain explicit or implicit literary geographic information. This dataset manually extracts information such as literary landscape, landscape attributes, and geographical location based on poetry content and poetry appreciation. According to its human and geographical attributes, the extracted poetry landscapes are divided into six categories: red scenic spots, red revolution education bases, red memorials, red tourist attractions, red tourist attractions and natural scenic spots. According to the poetry and literature geographical information positioning landscape data, there are 101 text landscape resources that can be treated as dots, and because it is difficult to accurately locate and reshape some of these literary landscape resources with the change of time, this dataset extracts 42 representative red landscapes of Mao Zedong's poetry. (There may be a situation where the text data is regularized, but it has been carefully checked, and if there are individual content omissions or errors, it will be revised and improved in subsequent studies.)This dataset includes two data tables, namely the poetry data table and the poetry landscape table, both of which collect poetry text information and geographic information by manual electronic input. Poetry data tables and poetry landscape tables can be connected by poetry numbers or poem names for querying and calling between data tables. The poetry text information contained in the poetry data table and the poetry landscape table includes: poetry name, creation time, poetry content, poetry genre, poetry theme, narrative events, poetry theme, etc., and the specific extraction methods are as follows: (1) From the Mao Zedong Poetry Collection, Mao Zedong Poetry Intensive Reading, Mao Zedong Chronicle"and other documents, the poetry name, poetry content, and creation time are extracted by manual electronic entry. Mao Zedong's poems are in text format, which can read the text data of each line of the text separately, and distinguish the name of the poem, the time of creation and the content of the poem according to punctuation marks and the empty lines between the poems. (2) Based on the poems included in this dataset, a list of Mao Zedong's poems is produced. In the poetry data table, each (group) poem has a unique corresponding poem number, that is, an identifier, the naming format is 4-digit letters plus 3 digits, 4-digit letters are taken from the English initial letter of Mao Zedong Poetry, 3 digits indicate the poetry serial number, and the poetry order respects the order of the articles in the Mao Zedong Poetry Collection, which is divided into two modules: the main part and the sub-number. The poetry list is based on Mao Zedong's poetry research documents or authoritative books, and there are special notes on controversial articles. Among them, the poetry genre refers to the basic knowledge of the old style poetry in the appendix of Intensive Reading of Mao Zedong's Poetry, and judges the genre information of the poem according to the number of verses, the number of words per sentence and the law of peace and grace; according to the content and theme of the poem expression, the subject matter type of the poem is judged; the subject matter of the subject matter is judged according to the following:  a. Epic poems: take historical events or historical figures as the object of singing or commenting, or associate with hanging monuments to evoke emotions; b. Poetry: poems on natural things or objectively existing objects; c. Farewell poems: expressing parting feelings and hatred, or expressing deep friendship, or to inspire exhortations, or to express parting feelings; d. Love poems: expressing thoughts about loved people and expressing deep love; e. Elegy: praise and mourning for the death of characters. 

Reviewed by: Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History Tina Mai Chen Karl, Rebecca E. – Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. 216. This remarkable book accomplishes what few other succinct accounts of major historical figures are able to do. In readable prose that is both accessible to students and engaging for the specialist reader, Rebecca Karl produces a compelling narrative of the political thought and actions of Mao Zedong that is deftly situated within the local and global historical conjunctures of the twentieth century. Attentive to the complexity of the historical and theoretical struggles in which Mao Zedong participated, the book smoothly transitions from accounts of military encounters and strategy, revolutionary Marxist theory, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) power struggles, details of Mao’s personal life, and critical insights into the historiography on Mao Zedong and twentieth century Chinese history. The result is an informative work that refuses simplistic or sensationalist understandings of the People’s Republic of China; a work that instead insists that the reader take seriously the ideological positions and social goals – and their failures – that animated Mao Zedong. The book is a welcome addition to existing biographies and intellectual histories of Mao Zedong. First, it is characterized by sustained attention to feminism and women’s liberation, alongside world historical developments. Second, even while Mao Zedong occupies centre stage in her narrative and analysis, Karl never insinuates that Mao Zedong orchestrated a revolution on the people of China as per ‘great man’ approaches to history that locate power in a leader and presume acquiescence by the people. Whether [End Page 446] discussing regional differences in peasant participation in land reform or the appeal of the Cultural Revolution outside China, Karl incorporates a discussion of why and in what manner individuals participated in the various mass campaigns of the era. The concise nature of the book precludes Karl from providing detailed information about the motives of specific social groups, but she constantly reminds us that people made decisions to participate in politics and that their actions were part of a broader process of producing and enacting consciousness through political participation. For example, with respect to the Cultural Revolution and dominant interpretations of this tumultuous and disastrous period in Chinese history, Karl addresses the claim that the Cultural Revolution is evidence of the blind obedience of Chinese who lack a tradition of independence and freedom. Karl acknowledges that the magnitude of participation in the Cultural Revolution is one of its defining characteristics yet, contra the above interpretation, she suggests that mass participation in attacks on the CCP reflect people’s decisions to act against the Party for not producing the type of society desired (p. 118). The attention to agency, history, and politics is personalized in interview interludes with: Wang Yanghua, one of the last living members of the Shanghai Underground Communist Party in the 1940s; Sabu Kohso, Japanese-born New York-based independent writer who encountered Maoism while in high school in Japan in the 1970s; and Wang Hui, leading literary and historical scholar in China and critic of Dengist reform. The interviews provide insight into how Mao’s ideas and practices shaped critical engagement with the politics of China (past and present). They remind the reader that the meaning and practice of the Chinese revolution was and is contested in the everyday. As such, the interviews also reinforce one of the themes of the book: “Practicing politics, in Mao’s terms, is part of everyday life” (pp. 57–8). As Karl elucidates, Mao Zedong continuously highlighted the interconnected complexity of each moment of struggle. As such, fascism, imperialism, local situations, and so on were all part of the revolutionary struggle. This makes for compelling theorizing, but often for disjointed or convoluted narratives. Yet, Karl successfully leads the reader through the labyrinth of overlapping and intertwined networks that defined and made the Chinese Revolution, including: CCP-PLA relations; Sino-Soviet relations; an emerging Third Worldism; debates within the CCP over the relative positioning of development and revolution; women’s liberation and feminism; personal relationships. The well-written and wide-ranging sub-sections...

By all standards, Mao Tse-tung belongs in company of few great political men of our century. Born and raised in obscurity and restrictions of nineteenth-century rural China, he rose to assume leadership of Chinese Revolution, rule largest population in world with most pervasive and intense government known in history, and finally has clung to life long enough to become last of political heroes of great generation of World War II. His life spans emergence of modern China and his character has shaped manner and style of Chinese Revolution. To say that Mao Tse-tung has been most revered and most ecstatically worshiped man of century may seem like paying him a slight compliment in light of awesome statistics of China. With some 8oo million Chinese presumably holding Mao Tse-tung in absolute reverence as a demigod, what other mortal of our times can claim to be his competitor in popular appeal? Yet, Mao Tse-tung's appeal has reached far beyond citizenry of his native land, however large. Few have not been touched by his existence, whether in admiration or hatred, in respect or scorn. His name has become label for revolutionary extremists throughout world, the Maoists, yet it is Mao Tse-tung with whom leaders throughout world seek audiences. The pope in one day admits to his presence more people than Mao Tse-tung grants audiences in a year. When Mao last appeared publicly, more than a million people expressed tumultuous joy, and since then occasions for allowing a select few into his

Mao Zedong’s poetry significantly influenced Chinese vocal music in the 20th century and has been reflected in the creation of many Chinese Art songs. These songs are highly regarded in the Chinese music industry and are considered great works of Chinese literature and art. However, there is a lack of discussions on Chinese Art Songs based on Mao Zedong’s poetry. This research aims to interpret and perform the musical styles of selected Chinese art songs based on Mao Zedong's poetry. This study encompasses three research objectives. The first is to identify the characteristics inherent in Chinese Art Songs based on Mao Zedong’s poetry. The second objective involves the interpretation of the technical aspects of Mao Zedong’s poetry in the context of Chinese art songs. Lastly, the third objective aims to perform selected Chinese art songs based on Mao Zedong’s poetry in the form of recitals. This study will be conducted through the practice-based research framework, wherein textual and non-textual documentation will be utilized to report on the practice. By exploring the integration of Mao Zedong’s poetry into art songs, this study provides a distinct approach to interpreting and conveying his poetry's emotions, themes, and ideas.

One of the most distinctive aspects of modern Chinese politics is the role of Tse-tung's This study investigates the concrete political and ideological process which gave rise to Mao's thought within the Chinese Communist Party, with special reference to the years 1935-45. This decade, which overlaps the Yenan period in Chinese Communist historiography, opens with Mao Tse-tung's rise to power at the Tsunyi Conference, and closes with the formal incorporation of his thought into the new CCP constitution at the Party's Seventh Congress. In the course of the study, it became apparent that Mao Tse-tung played a strong personal role in fostering the cult of his own person and thought. However, he received the enthusiastic support of a small group of Party intellectuals who gathered around him, of whom the most important is Ch'en Po-ta. Pending further research, conclusions regarding Ch'en's role must remain tentative, hut the initial evidence does suggest his influence on certain aspects of Mao's thinking, and in the formulation of a historio-philosophical rationale for Mao's claim to ideological supremacy. The study falls into two main periods; 1935-40 were years of ideological creativity, when the basic ideas behind Sinified were worked out by Mao and Ch'en; 1940-45 were years of ideological console idation, when the two men worked to systematize and disseminate Mao's thought as the CCP's official guiding doctrine. The conclusion emerges that the cult of Mao and his thought was not merely a simple concomitant of Mao's rise to power during this period. Rather, the dual cult was consciously created and propagated within and without the CCP as a deliberate act of policy on the part of the ascendant Maoists, with Mao and Ch'en very much at the core of this policy. From time to time, developments within the CCP, in Chinese domestic politics, and in the international arena intervened to accelerate or retard the Maoists' deliberate campaign to foster the ascendancy of Mao's thought. However, by the time of the CCP's Seventh Congress in 1945, the victorious Maoists had succeeded in their joint drive for the ''primitive accumulation of political and ideological power. Mao's power was by no means absolute, but the Chinese Communist Party -- and shortly the entire nation -- had entered the era of Tse-tung's In sum, this study contributes to our understanding of the Chinese Communist movement in four areas. It develops previous discussions of the ideological history of the CCP, especially regarding the emergence of the concepts of the Sinification of Marxism and Tse-tung's In using these ideological concepts as points of reference, this thesis also offers a distinctive approach to the study of elite politics within the CCP during the Yenan period. At the same time, Mao Tse-tung's personal role in fostering the twin cult of himself and his thought is brought into sharper focus than in previous studies. Finally, our knowledge of the early career of Ch'en Po-ta is considerably enhanced, particularly regarding his role as Party ideologist and historian in the service of Mao Tse-tung.

Marxism is a theoretical system pertaining to human liberation. Mao Tse-tung’s theory of emancipation is the result of combining Marxist emancipation theory with China’s emancipation struggle. Now, for the Chinese path to modernization, to achieve high-quality development depends heavily on spiritual emancipation and the development of human creativity. This requires strengthening the study of the theory of spiritual liberation. The development of human creativity is emphasized in Mao Tse-tung’s theory of spiritual emancipation, which is crucial for directing the creation of modern society. There are, however, relatively few specialized studies on Mao Tse-tung’s theory of spiritual emancipation; instead, most current scholarly research examines his emancipation theory from the viewpoints of women’s emancipation and peasant emancipation. This paper concentrates on the philosophical connotation of emancipation, the main content of Mao Tse-tung’s theory of emancipation, explains the specific meaning of spiritual emancipation, as well as the inherent logical relationship between spiritual emancipation and economic emancipation, national emancipation, emancipation of the productive forces and so on, and elaborates on the contemporary significance of Mao Tse-tung’s theory of spiritual liberation.

Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought is the theoretical basis on which our Party formulates its correct line, principles and policies. It is also the guiding thought for the whole nation. In the past, it was by relying on Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought that we won the victory in the new democratic revolution and carried on the more than twenty years of socialist revolution and socialist construction. From now on, in our effort to achieve our Party's general task in the new stage of development, to persistently carry on revolution under the proletarian dictatorship, conduct the Three Great Revolutionary Movements of class struggle, struggle for production and scientific experiment, and build our country into a great, powerful socialist state with modernized agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology before the end of the century, we must also rely on Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

The so-called Ninth National Congress of the CCP was in fact the First National Congress of the Mao Tse-tung faction; its main task was to legitimatize Mao Tse-tung's personal dictatorship and personal deification, and to produce a new organ of Party leadership. We know that prior to the Ninth Congress, among the 170 regular and alternate members of the Central Committee of the Eighth Congress, 115, or nearly 67 percent of the total membership, had already been classified by the Mao Tse-tung clique as traitors, or capitalist-roaders, struggled against, purged, and dismissed from office. (1) Among the 27 members of the Central Committee Politburo, ten were labeled capitalist-roaders and as taking a peripheral stand; only a few people, like Mao Tse-tung, Lin Piao, Chou En-lai, Ch'en Po-ta, K'ang Sheng, Li Hsien-nien, and Hsieh Fu-chih, continued to function. As to the Central Committee Secretariat, it had long been unable to carry out its responsibilities. Since the Central Committee was thus paraly...

: This monograph examines the nature of operational art during the third and final phase of the Chinese Civil War, 1945-1949. During this period Mao Tse-Tung and the Red Army fought Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist Army for the military and political control of China. The initial portion of the monograph discusses the areas of military strategy and the development of operational art. This area was developed using contemporary monographs, research projects, and professional journal articles. Professional military journals such as Parameters and Military Review publish relevant articles covering these subjects on a recurring basis. The majority of the information covering Mao's thoughts and writings were drawn from The Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung published in Beijing, China by the Foreign Languages Press. The section dealing with the essence of operational art was developed primarily from James Schneider's theoretical paper; Vulcan's Anvil: The American Civil War and the Emergence of Operational Art. In this paper Schneider identifies, defines, and argues that eight key attributes must exist for the fullest expression of operational art to be manifested. These eight attributes are; the distributed operation, the distributed campaign, a system of continuous logistics, instantaneous command and control, the operationally durable formation, operational vision, the distributed enemy, and distributed deployment. This monograph uses Schneider's eight key attributes of operational art as a measure of effectiveness for evaluating the use of operational art during the Chinese Civil War. This monograph concludes that while Mao Tse-Tung was one-step removed from the operational level of war, the commanders of the Red Army, guided by his theory of protracted war and his controlling strategy, successfully applied operational art to decisively defeat a larger, better equipped, and trained military force in a sequential series of battles and engagements.

Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao: Post-Revolutionary Writings. Edited by K. Fan. (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1972. Pp. xxiv, 536. $2.95, paper.) - Mao Tse-tung on Revolution and War. Edited, and with an introduction and notes, by M. Rejai. (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1970. Pp. xii, 452. $1.95, paper.)

Mao Tse-tung is a great revolutionist, and his poems have always been praised as “A poem wins a country”. Metaphor is a process to understand and experience one thing through another thing, with its core to create undiscovered connections between ontology and metaphor, it is to combine two dissimilar things together. Poems and Lyrics written by Mao Tse-tung are rich in metaphors, this paper compares and studies four English translations of Mao Tse-tung’s poems(translated by Xu Yuanchong, Foreign Languages Press, Wang Huiming and Gu Zhengkun) from the perspective of metaphor at conceptual level, and discusses how translator deal with verbal metaphors and nominal metaphors. The results find that most of the translators choose to retain metaphors in the target language in order to accurately convey the information of the poems, which is suitable to translate metaphors in the poems.

Metaphors are not only commonly used in literature to captivate readers, but also serve broader pragmatic purposes. However, translating metaphors between languages and cultures faces challenges due to linguistic and cultural differences. This study analyses the English translation of metaphors in MAO TSE-TUNG’s Spring in a Pleasure Garden, The Long March and Pure Serene Music·Spiral Mountain, aiming to discuss the characteristics of metaphor translation in Xu Yuanchong’s translation, and find the difficulties in metaphor translation, so as to summarize metaphor translation strategies. It is found that Xu makes full use of the communicative views and contextual views of relevance theory, and employs a large number of literal, free and transformational translation skills. His works successfully reflect the literary image in MAO TSE-TUNG POEMS, spreading the great MAO TSE-TUNG Theory and the Long March spirit to the world.

Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao: Post-Revolutionary Writings. Edited by K. Fan. (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1972. Pp. xxiv, 536. $2.95, paper.) - Mao Tse-tung on Revolution and War. Edited, and with an introduction and notes, by M. Rejai. (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1970. Pp. xii, 452. $1.95, paper.) - Volume 70 Issue 1

have risen substantially and that others50 have fallen. The significance of these trends is arguable, but it seems probable that the number of votes received by a Central Committee member reflects his standing both with the top leadership and with the rank and file, except in some cases where it is mainly a mark of esteem for long and faithful work for the party. On the evening of September 28, the day after the adjournment of the congress, the newly elected Central Committee met to elect the new central organs of the party. The results were as follows:51 Chairman of the Central Committee: Mao Tse-tung. Vice-Chairmen: Liu Shao-ch'i, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh, Ch'en Yiin. General Secretary. Teng Hsiao-p'ing. Members of the Politburo (17): Mao Tse-tung, Liu Shao-ch'i, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh, Ch'en Yiin, Teng Hsiaop'ing, Lin Piao, Lin Po-ch'ii, Tung Pi-wu, P'eng Chen, Lo Jung-huan, Chen Yi, Li Fu-ch'un, P'eng Te-huai, Liu Poch'eng, Ho Lung, Li Hsien-nien. Alternate members of the Politburo (6) : Ulanfu, Chang Wen-t'ien, Lu Ting-i, Ch'en Po-ta, K'ang Sheng, Po I-po. Members of the Standing Committee of the Politburo (6): Mao Tse-tung, Liu Shao-ch'i, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh, Ch'en Yiin, Teng Hsiao-p'ing. Members of the Secretariat of the Central Committee (6) : P'eng Chen, Wang Chia-hsiang, T'an Chen-lin, T'an Cheng, Huang K'o-ch'eng, Li Hslieh-feng. Alternate members of the Secretariat (3) : Liu Lan-t'ao, Yang Shang-k'un, Hu Ch'iao-mu. Members of the Control Commission of the Central Com? mittee (17): Wang Tsung-wu, Wang Wei-chou, Wang Wei-kang, Shuai Meng-chi, Liu Ko-p'ing, Liu Hsi-wu, Liu Lan-t'ao, Li Shih-ying, Li Chu-li, Hsiao Hua, Wu Kaichih, Kao K'o-lin, Kao Yang, Ma Ming-fang, Chang Tingch'eng, Tung Pi-wu, Ch'ien Ying. Alternate members of the Control Commission (4) : Wang Han, Liu Chi-jen, Li Ching-ying, Kung Tzu-jung. Secretary of the Control Commission: Tung Pi-wu. Deputy Secretaries (5) : Liu Lan-t'ao, Hsiao Hua, Wang Tsungwu, Ch'ien ying, Liu Hsi-wu.

The rapprochement between the People's Republic of China and the United States, ending a generation during which their relations were frozen in hostility, has given rise to a host of questions. Perhaps the most intriguing question concerning the present detente is that regarding its durability. On the Chinese side, the policy of rapprochement with the United States bears the hallmark of Chou En-lai, but its adoption unquestionably required the approval of Mao Tse-tung. It should also be noted that the policy evidently was not one on which the leadership had been united. Rather, it assertedly had been a subject of contention during the struggle which led to the purge of Lin Piao, with his group advocating as the alternative an effort to mend relations with the Soviet Union. With Mao Tse-tung now in his eightieth year it is pertinent to ask whether a change from his leadership is likely to bring a significant alteration of present Chinese foreign policy and behavior. In speculating on this question, it would obviously be helpful to know who is likely to play the dominant role within the post-Mao leadership of China. Since the fall of Lin Piao, however, the political stage has been void of avowed aspirants to the succession. Indeed, the fate suffered by Lin Piao and the earlier purge of Liu Shao-ch'i, the chief of state, have demonstrated all too clearly the dangers inherent in the role of heir presumptive. Moreover, Chairman Mao evidently is unwilling to fill those posts which provided major power bases from which he has been challenged in the past. Nobody has been chosen, insofar as we know, to succeed Lin Piao in his posts of deputy party chairman and of defense minister; the position of general secretary of the party was dropped in 1969; and Mao Tse-tung is said to have insisted that the office of state chairman should be abolished. In discussing the problem of the succession, Premier Chou En-lai has indicated that he and Mao Tse-tung should be followed by a collective leadership. The obvious inference is that Chou does not hope to outlive and succeed Chairman Mao. In view of Chou's well-earned reputation for tact, one would scarcely expect him to suggest the contrary. At the same time, it must be recognized that the time of Mao's passing may be some way off, that Chou En-lai is himself already seventy-five, and that the responsibilities of his office place heavy and wearing burdens on its incumbent. In addition, it