Translation and Adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised and Rugged Resilience Measure: A Mixed-Method Study Among Adolescents in Nepal.

The Medication-Related Burden Quality of Life (MRB-QoL) is a patient-reported measure of medicines burden on functioning and well-being in people with long-term conditions (LTCs). The Arabic version has demonstrated good content validity; however, no data is available on its other psychometric properties. To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Arabic MRB-QoL tool. Four hundred patients (≥18 years) with LTCs were recruited from a tertiary hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using Principal Axis Factoring for extraction and Oblimin rotation. Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and minimum detectable change (MDC) assessed internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error, respectively. Structural, Known-group, convergent, and discriminant validity were evaluated using EFA, Mann Whitney U test, and Spearman's rank correlations tests, respectively. Convergent validity (r>0.3, moderate to high correlations) and discriminant validity (r<0.3, weak correlations) were examined through correlation with the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI), Drug Burden Index (DBI), and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) measures. Known-group validity was assessed by comparing MRB-QoL scores across clinically diverse groups. EFA revealed a 31-item, four-factor structure accounting for 78.5% of the variance. Reliability results showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.973) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.994). The MDC for the total MRB-QoL was 3.89, indicating that a change of more than 4 points between 2 measurements reflects a true difference with 95% confidence. There were weak correlations between domains of MRB-QoL and MRCI (r 0.120 to 0.152) indicating discriminant validity. Correlations between the mental component summary of the SF-12 and MRB-QoL (r=-0.387) and its domains (r -0.357 to -0.374) suggested convergent validity. Patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity had higher median MRB-QoL scores, showing known-group validity. This study demonstrated that the Arabic MRB-QoL is a valid and reliable medication-related burden (MRB) measure with good construct validity, including structural, known-group, convergent, and discriminant validity. It also shows excellent reliability, with high internal consistency, low measurement error, and good test-retest reliability. These findings support its use as a psychometrically robust measure for assessing MRB and facilitating person-centred medicines optimisation services in Arabic-speaking populations.

The physics of three-dimensional radiation therapy. Conformal radiotherapy, radiosurgery and treatment planning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:There is rising interest in quality of life (QOL) research in Arabian countries. The aim of this study was to assess in a nationwide sample of Kuwaiti subjects the reliability and validity of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF), a shorter version of the widely used QOL assessment instrument that comprises 26 items in the domains of physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and the environment.METHODS:A one-in-three systematic random proportionate sample of consenting Kuwaiti nationals attending large cooperative stores and municipal government offices in the six governorates completed the Arabic translation of the questionnaire. The indices assessed included test-retest reliability, internal consistency, item internal consistency (IIC), item discriminant validity (IDV), known-groups and construct validity.RESULTS:There were 3303 participants (44.8% males, 55.2% females, mean age 35.4 years, range 16 to 87 years). The intra-class correlation for the test-retest statistic and the internal consistency values for the full questionnaire and the domains had a Cronbach's alpha≥0.7. Of the 24 items that constitute the domains, 21 met the IIC requirement of correlation ≥0.4 with the corresponding domain, while 16 met the IDV criterion of having a higher correlation with their corresponding domain than other domains. Domain scores discriminated significantly between well and sick groups. In the factor analysis, four strong factors emerged with the same construct as in the WHO report.CONCLUSION:The Arabic translation of the WHOQOL-BREF has impressive reliability and validity indices. The poor IDV findings are due to the multidimensional nature of the questionnaire. The highly significant validity indices should reassure researchers that the questionnaire represents the same constructs across cultures. Negatively worded items possibly need refinement.

Evaluation of the measurement properties of the Epworth sleepiness scale: A systematic review

The Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire: Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Polish version.

Introduction: Feeding is an interactive process between a child and a caregiver, and its early and chronic problems can affect the stress and quality of life of parents. Since the health and support of caregivers can affect the child’s disability and performance, it is important to consider the impact of feeding and swallowing disorders on caregivers. Hence, the present study aimed to translate and investigate the validity and reliability of the Feeding/Swallowing Impact Survey (FS-IS) in Persian. Methods: This methodological study consisted of two phases: translating the test to Persian (P-FS-IS) and evaluating psychometric properties including face and content validity (through experts’ opinions and cognitive interviews), construct validity (by known-group validity and exploratory factor analysis), and reliability of the questionnaire (by internal consistency and test-retest reliability). The present study was performed on 97 Iranian mothers of children with cerebral palsy aged 2–18 years with swallowing impairments. Results: Exploratory factor analysis rendered two factors with a cumulative variance of 59.71%. When evaluating known-group validity, the questionnaire scores were significantly different across the groups with different severity of the disorder (F(2, 94) = 57.1, p ≤ 0.001). P-FS-IS had a high internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95, and there was an appropriate intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the total questionnaire. Conclusion: P-FS-IS has good validity and reliability and is a suitable questionnaire for assessing the impact of pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders on Persian language mothers. This scale can be used in research and clinical settings to evaluate and determine therapeutic goals.

Purpose To translate Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index (PBMSI) into Turkish, investigate its psychometric properties and differences between its two scoring algorithms: PBMSI-Rating Scale (PBMSI-RS) and PBMSI-Standard Gamble (PBMSI-SG). Methods An expert committee supervised the translation process. Psychometric properties were evaluated in 104 people with multiple sclerosis. Exploratory common factor analysis was used to investigate structural validity. Convergent validity was assessed by formulating hypotheses about correlations between PBMSI and other HRQL measures, disability level, walking-related measures, and MS symptoms. Known-groups validity was assessed against different measures of disability and walking capacity. Test-retest reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC95%). Results Factor analysis revealed one factor (Eigenvalue = 2.46). PBMSI-RS and PBMSI-SG correlated significantly with other measures (p < .001). Both could differentiate between individuals with different levels of disability and walking capacity (p < .05, d ≥ 0.50). Relative test-retest reliability was moderate for PBMSI-RS (ICC = 0.75) and good for PBMSI-SG (ICC = 0.83). SEM and MDC95% values were 0.16 and 0.44 for PBMSI-RS and 0.10 and 0.28 for PBMSI-SG, respectively. Conclusion Turkish version of PBMSI has good psychometric properties to assess health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. PBMSI-SG should be preferred over PBMSI-RS. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Health-related quality of life is often used as a primary or secondary endpoint in multiple sclerosis research. The Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index is the first preference-based health-related quality of life measure developed in multiple sclerosis using patient preferences. Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index was translated to Turkish and demonstrated good psychometric properties, including structural, convergent, known-groups validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Professionals working in the field of multiple sclerosis research and rehabilitation may benefit from using the Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index as it is a short and psychometrically robust instrument.

The assessment of evaluating undergraduate nursing students' evidence-based practice engagement is an important issue, yet few tools have been developed specifically in Mainland China. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Student Evidence-based Practice Questionnaire (S-EBPQ) to Mainland China's cultural context and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly adapted Chinese S-EBPQ. Cross-cultural adaptation, including translation of the original S-EBPQ into Mandarin Chinese language, was performed according to published guidelines. A pilot study was conducted in Mainland China with 25 Chinese undergraduate nursing students. A subsequent validation study was conducted with 400 undergraduate nursing students from Mainland China. Construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (n=190) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=210). Reliability was determined using internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The split-half coefficient for the overall Chinese S-EBPQ was 0.858. A content validity index of 0.986 was achieved. Principal component analysis resulted in a 4-factor structure explaining 68.285% of the total variance. The comparative fit index was 0.927, and the root mean squared error of approximation was 0.072 from the confirmatory factor analysis. Known-group validity was supported by the significant differences according to various characteristics of participants. Internal consistency was high for the Chinese S-EBPQ reaching a Cronbach α value of 0.934. Test-retest reliability was 0.821. The newly cross-culturally adapted S-EBPQ possesses adequate validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency and therefore may be utilized in nursing education to assess EBP of undergraduate nursing students in Mainland China.

The purpose of the study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) for Indonesian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and evaluate its psychometric properties. Forward-backward translation, adaptation involving 7 experts, and pretesting to develop the Indonesian version of DKQ were conducted. Psychometric analysis was carried out among T2D patients from 40 primary health care centers in Indonesia. Known-group, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed. Additionally, a descriptive item analysis was conducted. In total, 39 patients participated in the pretesting and 304 patients in the validation process and descriptive analysis. Of the 24 items, 2 were adjusted during the adaptation process, and 1 item was deleted because it did not adequately reflect the original item. Known-group validity was demonstrated because patients with younger ages, higher educational levels, and longer diabetes duration had significantly higher DKQ scores. Convergent validity was demonstrated by a significant positive correlation of the DKQ scores with overall treatment satisfaction. The 23-item DKQ Bahasa Indonesia showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.73; omega total = 0.72) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.87 in a sample of 27 patients). No floor and ceiling effects were found in the item analysis. The study demonstrates adequate validity and reliability of the 23-item DKQ Bahasa Indonesia for assessing diabetes knowledge in Indonesian primary care patients with T2D. This instrument can be used to identify room for improvement and develop diabetes education programs.

This study explores the psychometric properties of The Scenario Test UK, a culturally adapted version of the Dutch original (The Scenario Test) developed by van der Meulen etal. in 2010, which evaluates functional, daily-life communication in aphasia. The Scenario Test assesses communication in an interactive context with a supportive communication partner. To evaluate the reliability (internal consistency, interrater and test-retest reliability) and construct validity (convergent, discriminant and known-groups validity) of The Scenario Test UK. The Scenario Test UK and other language, cognition and praxis assessments were administered to persons with aphasia after stroke (3+ months post-stroke) and to non-aphasic controls. Participants were recruited primarily through community stroke groups. Measures were completed in an interview format. Standard psychometric criteria were used to evaluate reliability and construct validity. A total of 74 participants with aphasia and 20 participants without aphasia took part in The Scenario Test UK. The test showed high levels of reliability. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92), interrater reliability (ICC = 0.95) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.96) were excellent. Interrater agreement in scores on the individual items ranged from good to excellent (κ = 0.41-1.00) for all but two items (item 4c κ = 0.38, item 6c κ = 0.36). The test demonstrated good levels of convergent (ρ = 0.37-0.75) and discriminant validity (ρ = -0.04 to 0.23). There was strong evidence for known groups validity (U = 132.50, p < .001), with those with aphasia scoring significantly lower [median (interquartile range-IQR) = 47 (39.8-51.0)] than those without aphasia [53 (52-54)]. The data support the reliability and validity of the Scenario Test UK as an assessment of functional, daily-life communication for persons with aphasia. Further testing is needed in independent samples on the measure's psychometric properties, including its sensitivity to change. Pending this testing, The test can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate communication skills with people with aphasia, to guide goal setting for therapy and to measure outcomes in response to therapy.

Perceived stigma of caregivers: Psychometric evaluation for Devaluation of Consumer Families Scale

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible, progressive obstruction of lung airflow. Dyspnea (shortness of breath [SOB]) is the COPD symptom which most negatively impacts patients’ daily activities. To assess how SOB affects daily activities, 37 items were drafted through focus group discussions and cognitive interviews with COPD patients to develop a patient-reported outcome instrument: the Shortness of Breath with Daily Activities questionnaire (SOBDA). Psychometric analysis was conducted to reduce the number of items and evaluate the measurement properties of the final SOBDA.MethodsProspective, observational study of 334 COPD patients, recruited from 24 pulmonology and internal medicine clinics in the United States. The 37-item SOBDA was administered to patients each evening for 28 days using an electronic diary. Patients answered every item and rated their level of SOB experienced that day during specific activities. Item selection was conducted by examining item characteristics, dimensionality, and Rasch model analysis results. The decision to delete an item was based on psychometric evidence, content validity, and expert clinical input. The final SOBDA instrument was evaluated for internal consistency, reproducibility, convergent validity, known-groups validity, and responsiveness.ResultsTwenty-four items from the 37-item pool were removed following the item selection process: nine items were removed due to high item-to-item correlations; five due to floor effects; three due to infrequent activity; one due to gender bias; two due to low factor loadings; three due to unordered response options; and one due to expert’s discretion. Internal consistency and reproducibility of the final SOBDA were demonstrated by Cronbach Alpha = 0.87, and intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.91. Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlation with the CRQ-SAS (0.60) and SGRQ-C (0.61). Known groups validity was demonstrated by significant difference between ratings of the mMRC and clinical global rating of severity. Evaluation of the ability to detect change was not performed owing to too few responders at the end of the study.ConclusionsThrough the empirical item reduction process, 13 items were selected from the 37-item pool generated during qualitative development. The final 13-item SOBDA is a reliable and valid instrument for use in clinical trials.

Background: Dental patient-centred outcomes are essential in clinical practice and research. To enhance feasibility, Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) instruments often need to reduce administration time. In Serbia, longer OHIP versions exist (OHIP-14, OHIP-EDENT), but the ultrashort OHIP-5 has not yet been available. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the five-item Serbian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP5-Srb). Materials and Methods: The OHIP5-Srb was translated using a standard forward–backward procedure. Participants were recruited between June and September 2025 using a convenience sampling approach. Psychometric testing—including internal consistency, exploratory (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and convergent and known-groups validity—was conducted on 236 participants (mean age 47.4 years). Test–retest reliability was evaluated in 35 dental students, and responsiveness in 45 patients undergoing dental treatment. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was 0.784, indicating adequate internal consistency. Test–retest reliability was excellent (mean ICC = 0.96; all inter-item correlations > 0.20). Convergent validity was supported by a strong negative correlation between OHIP5-Srb summary scores and a single-item measure of overall oral/dental health (Spearman’s rho = −0.861, p < 0.01). Known-group validity was confirmed by significant differences between removable denture wearers and individuals with natural teeth (and/or fixed partial dentures), after adjusting for age, and between participants perceiving a need for dental treatment and those who did not. EFA indicated a one-factor structure explaining 55.1% of variance. The one-factor model was confirmed by CFA and showed good fit (χ2 = 15.08, df = 5; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.092; SRMR = 0.04). Responsiveness analysis demonstrated significant decreases in OHIP5-Srb scores following various dental treatments. Conclusions: The OHIP5-Srb is unidimensional, reliable, valid, and responsive. Its brevity and robust psychometric properties make it suitable for assessing self-perceived oral health-related quality of life in the Serbian urban population, particularly when minimizing respondent burden is critical.

The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire is a widely accepted instrument for measuring the severity of symptoms and pain in patients having sustained patellar tendinopathy. To adapt the VISA-P questionnaire cross-culturally to a traditional Chinese version (VISA-P-Ch) and validate its psychometric properties. Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. The VISA-P questionnaire was adapted to a traditional Chinese version following international recommended guidelines, including translation, synthesis, back translation, revision by expert committee, pretesting, and validation. The psychometric properties were tested in 15 healthy controls and 15 participants with patellar tendinopathy. Face validity was judged by the authors and participants. Known-groups validity was tested by comparing the VISA-P-Ch scores between symptomatic and asymptomatic participants using an independent t test. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the Blazina classification of the participants against VISA-P-Ch scores using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Test-retest reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) following a 24- to 48-hour interval. Internal consistency was determined by the Cronbach alpha. The expert committee and participants reported good face validity of the VISA-P-Ch. Significantly higher scores were found in the control group than in the patellar tendinopathy group (98.47 ± 3.04 vs 65 ± 11.9; P < .001). Concurrent validity showed a high correlation between VISA-P-Ch and the Blazina classification system (r = -0.899; P < .01). The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.964). Internal consistency was found to be good for both the first and second assessments (Cronbach α = 0.834 and 0.851). The VISA-P-Ch was proven to be a reliable and valid questionnaire with similar psychometric properties as the original VISA-P.

BackgroundCatastrophizing has been recognized as an important contributor to chronicity in individuals with chronic pain syndromes including low back pain (LBP). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is perhaps the most widely used tool to evaluate the degree of pain catastrophizing. However, its use is limited in Hausa-speaking countries due to the lack of a validated translated version.ObjectiveTo translate and cross-culturally adapt the PCS into Hausa (Hausa-PCS), and evaluate its psychometric properties in mixed urban and rural patients with chronic LBP.MethodsThe PCS was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Hausa in accordance with established guidelines. To evaluate its psychometric properties, a consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic LBP was recruited from urban and rural Nigerian hospitals. Validity was evaluated by exploring content validity, factorial structure (confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]), construct validity (Spearman’s rho for a priori hypotheses) and known-groups validity. Reliability was evaluated by calculating internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) and limits of agreement with 95% confidence interval (LOA95%).ResultsThe Hausa-PCS was comprehensible with good content validity. The CFA confirmed a 3-factor structure similar to the original English version. The concurrent validity was supported as 83% (5/6) of the a priori hypotheses were confirmed. Known-groups comparison showed that the questionnaire was unable to differentiate between male and female or urban and rural patients (p > 0.05). Internal consistency and ICC were adequate for the Hausa-PCS total score (α = 0.84; ICC = 0.90) and the subscale helplessness (α = 0.78; ICC = 0.89) but for the subscales rumination (α = 0.69; ICC = 0.68) and magnification (α = 0.41; ICC = 0.43). The LOA95% for the Hausa-PCS total score was between − 8.10 and + 9.75, with SEM and MDC of 3.47 and 9.62 respectively.ConclusionThe Hausa-PCS was successfully developed and psychometrically adequate in terms of factorial structure, construct validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability when applied in mixed urban and rural patients with chronic LBP. However, the internal consistency and reliability coefficients (ICC) for the individual subscales are inadequate. Thus, we support the use of the total score when evaluating pain catastrophizing for clinical or research purposes.