Translating Forensic Science in Detective Stories in Early Hong Kong Chinese Newspapers

Pseudotranslation is a product of the translator's preconception and manipulation of the collective imagination of a foreign culture and a reflection of stereotypes held by local readers. Instead of criticizing a work's lack of authenticity, we can attempt to understand how contemporary readers see a foreign culture by ＂decoding＂ a pseudotranslation. Anarchist fiction, detective stories, knight-errant novels, and sentimental novels that were enthusiastically translated into Chinese during the late Qing and early Republican periods became important sources of inspiration for the young pseudotranslator Zhou Shoujuan. In his copious translations of Western literature, there were at least seven stories which he confirmed as pseudotranslations, such as ＂The Blood of Mandarin Ducks＂, ＂The Story of a Filial Son's Blood＂, ＂The Maid in Green Gown＂, ＂The Blind Anarchist＂, etc. This paper takes these stories as the major texts for analysis and tries to discern the paradigms and connotations in them. In these works, the mask of translation, as it were, secured a wide space for Zhou's literary creativity. As a result, he was able to freely mingle different types of characters and archetypes from various Chinese and Western fiction in order to develop new genres that fit his idea of an exotic yet ethical ＂Western story.＂ This paper investigates how Zhou appropriated the collective imagination of the West during the late Qing period and how he reshaped it according to his own fantasies and moral standards. During this particular kind of ＂cultural negotiation,＂ Zhou expressed his love of fantasy and propagated his ethical ideals. The significant qualities of his later works were thus established.

: In China, allergic rhinitis patients are looking not only for western therapy in Chinese traditional medicine but also for treatment in Western and Chinese mixed medicine. Several studies have compared traditional Chinese medicine, Western and Western combined. Such three forms of treatment were not analyzed simultaneously. Aim: The research examines the differences between populations and medical applications of allergic rhinitis patients who received all three treatments to determine the use of different drugs. Methods: The inventory for patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis (International Disease Classification). The Chi-square test and Tukey test were performed for the region of interest to check the disparity between these three treatments (a significant difference still exists). Results: The interview rate for women with allergic rhinitis is higher than for men regardless of whether it is treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, Western or combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Persons 0-19 years of age was first in the proportion of allergic rhinitis diagnosis and care. Traditional Chinese medicine includes medical measures with maximum hours per person, the daily cost per hour of medicines and minimum overall hourly expenditure. Western medicine, by comparison, costs the lowest daily drug per hour, and the highest total drug costs per hour per person. Between traditional Chinese and western medicine, the total cost per capita of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine as well as drug costs per capita and the total cost per capita. Conclusion: Although only 6.82% of allergic rhinitis patients opt for combined traditional Chinese medicines and western medicine, their rate of receipt is higher each year. Moreover, mixed medications are used more frequently compared to single-component medicines

Introduction to the Special Issue for Cultures of Knowledge in the History of Chinese Medicine

Oriental medicine has been developed over a long period of time. When the Medical Service Act was legislated in Korea in September 25, 1951 for the first time, Oriental medicine began to have the support of the legal system. Presently, Oriental medicine has the same legal status as Western medicine in Korea. Students of Oriental medicine are qualified for the National License Examinations for Oriental Medicine Practice after finishing 6-year courses in a College of Oriental Medicine. Before the Medical Service Act came into force in 1951, acupuncture was taught based on the acupuncturist system. However, after this legislation, the acupuncturist system was invalidated and legally assimilated into the Oriental medicine system since 1962. Presently doctors of Oriental medicine are entitled to practice all aspects of Oriental medicine, including acupuncture and prescription of traditional medicine. When medical resources are compared between Western and Oriental medicines, the numbers of licensed doctors are 62 609 and 10 707 for Western and Oriental Medicine, respectively, and the number of such medical schools are 41 (entrance quota of 3300) and 11 (entrance quota of 750), respectively. The number of hospitals and local clinics is 16 643 (hospital 767, local clinic 15 876) for Western medicine and 6272 (hospital 115, local clinic 6520) for Oriental medicine (Table 1). Table 1 Status of Oriental and Western medical resources. In Korea, a medical insurance system for Western medicine was started from July 1, 1977, but was not available for Oriental medicine until February 1, 1987. The insurance coverage is quite limited covering only some areas of Oriental medicine, such as diagnosis, acupuncture and cupping glass categories. Medical expenses in Korea are estimated at about 6.0% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 1996, of which 15% is spent on Oriental medicine. This reflects the fact that the number of licensed doctors of Oriental medicine is one-sixth that of the number of doctors of Western medicine. As the insurance coverage for Oriental medicine is expanded, the number of visitors to clinics of Oriental medicine is increasing already and is expected to increase rapidly. To promote Oriental medicine, the medical specialties system has been required by Oriental medicine doctors and government recently. After graduation from medical college, medical licenses should be required by the ministry and graduates have to complete a 1 year internship and 3 year residency. Those seeking to become specialists should have to take a training course at the designated hospitals and pass the qualifying examination for specialists provided by the Association of Korean Oriental Medicine. The Association has produced 436 specialists through two examinations up to the present. Eight specialty fields make up the systems, i.e. oriental internal medicine; acupuncture and moxibustion; oriental gynecology; oriental pediatrics, oriental neuropsychiatry, dermatosurgery and ophthalmo-otolaryngology; oriental rehabilitation medicine; and Sasang constitutional medicine.

This article presents the design of a web-based knowledge management system as a training and research tool for the exploration of key relationships between Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine, in order to facilitate relational medical diagnosis integrating these mainstream healing modalities. The main goal of this system is to facilitate decision-making processes, while developing skills and creating new medical knowledge. Traditional Chinese Medicine can be considered as an ancient relational knowledge-based approach, focusing on balancing interrelated human functions to reach a healthy state. Western Medicine focuses on specialties and body systems and has achieved advanced methods to evaluate the impact of a health disorder on the body functions. Identifying key relationships between Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine opens new approaches for health care practices and can increase the understanding of human medical conditions. Our knowledge management system was designed from initial datasets of symptoms, known diagnosis and treatments, collected from both medicines. The datasets were subjected to process-oriented analysis, hierarchical knowledge representation and relational database interconnection. Web technology was implemented to develop a user-friendly interface, for easy navigation, training and research. Our system was prototyped with a case study on chronic prostatitis. This trial presented the system's capability for users to learn the correlation approach, connecting knowledge in Western and Traditional Chinese Medicine by querying the database, mapping validated medical information, accessing complementary information from official sites, and creating new knowledge as part of the learning process. By addressing the challenging tasks of data acquisition and modeling, organization, storage and transfer, the proposed web-based knowledge management system is presented as a tool for users in medical training and research to explore, learn and update relational information for the practice of integrated medical diagnosis. This proposal in education has the potential to enable further creation of medical knowledge from both Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for improved care providing. The presented system positively improves the information visualization, learning process and knowledge sharing, for training and development of new skills for diagnosis and treatment, and a better understanding of medical diseases.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Meta analysis. The clinical randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies on the treatment of COVID-19 with combination of Chinese traditional and Western medicine published on CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database and PubMed were searched by computer from January 2020 to June 2020. Patients in the simple Western medicine treatment group were treated with routine treatment of Western medicine, and the patients in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group were treated with traditional Chinese medicine on the basis of routine treatment of Western medicine. The main outcome was the total effective rate of treatment. The secondary outcome were the antipyretic rate, chest CT recovery rate, lymphocyte count (LYM), C-reactive protein (CRP) level and safety. The Cochrane manual and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used to evaluate the quality of the literature; the RevMan5.3 software was used to analyze the articles that meets the quality standards, and a funnel chart was drawn to evaluate the total effective publication bias. Thirteen articles were analyzed, including 1 039 COVID-19 patients, 559 in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment group and 480 in simple Western medicine treatment group. The results of Meta- analysis showed that compared with the simple Western medicine treatment group, the combination of routine treatment of Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine Qingfei Paidu decoction, Lianhua Qingwen granule, Shufeng jiedu capsule, Xuebijing injection or Reyanning mixture could significantly improve the total effective rate, antipyretic rate and chest CT recovery rate [total effective rate: odds ratio (OR) = 2.95, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 2.10-4.14, P < 0.000 01; antipyretic rate: OR =3.01, 95%CI was 1.64-5.53, P = 0.000 4; chest CT recovery rate: OR = 2.53, 95%CI was 1.83-3.51, P = 0.000 1], increase LYM levels [mean difference (MD) = 0.26, 95%CI was 0.02-0.50, P = 0.03], and reduce of CRP content (MD = -17.68, 95%CI was -33.14 to -2.22, P = 0.02). Based on the funnel chart analysis of 12 articles with total efficiency, the result showed that the funnel chart distribution was not completely symmetrical, indicating that there might be publication bias. On the basis of routine treatment with Western medicine, combined with traditional Chinese medicine can significantly improve the total effective rate of COVID-19 and improve the laboratory results and clinical symptoms of patients. Compared with the routine treatment of Western medicine alone, the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine has better clinical efficacy and safety.

Within the framework of translator’s subjectivity, this paper explores professor Fang-Tingyu’s philosophy in translating traditional Chinese medicine terms by taking four medical terms (miaoqiao, rouci, hexifeng, qihengli) as examples and referring to previously published interviews. The terms were chosen from his book New Chinese-English Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Second Edition). We summarized his translation philosophy as follows: to put the purpose of translation first; to trace the source and understand the source text correctly; to apply translation strategies and methods in a flexible manner; to take readers’s expectations into account; to keep abreast of the progress in traditional Chinese medicine translation studies. It is conducive that traditional Chinese medicine translator’s translation philosophy is from the perspective of translator’s subjectivity to grasping the nature of translation and may shed light on both translation practices and studies of traditional Chinese medical texts. Key words: Translating; Translator’s subjectivity; Fang-Tingyu; Terminology on traditional Chinese medicine

Interview with Dr. Liu Qingquan: Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment

Viral hepatitis is clinical multiple strong infectious disease, to know characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine clinical use in patients with viral hepatitis, the research object of this study is 41 180 cases of hospitalized patients with viral hepatitis in hospital information system from 17 grade A hospitals, using frequency statistics and association rules method to analyze the traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine clinical use information, the drug kinds analysis results: western medicine of reduced glutathione tablets use frequency is highest, 14 079 cases (34.61%), traditional Chinese medicine of diammonium glycyrrhizinateuse frequency is highest, 14 058 cases (34.56%); traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine drug combination in diammonium glycyrrhizinate combined with reduced glutathione tabletsuse frequency is highest, 8 607 cases (25.09%). The mechanism of drug classification results :both traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are the sort of educed enzyme medicine that has the highest percentage of drug use, traditional Chinese medicine 10 983 cases (27.01%), western medicine, 9 595 cases (23.59%); traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine combination in a kind of medicine to clear heat and promote diuresis combined with educed enzyme drug use frequency is highest, 5 621 cases (13.82%). Through the analysis above, combine traditional Chinese and western medicine therapy for the treatment of viral hepatitis should be given priority. Traditional Chinese medicine to clear heat and promote diuresis combined with western medicine of educed enzyme drug is the most commonly appear in clinical two drug combination scheme, traditional Chinese medicine to clear heat and promote diuresis combined with western medicine of educed enzyme drug and nucleustide analogsis the most commonly appear in clinical three drug combination scheme.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is one of the most common pregnancy complications in obstetrics and gynecology. The normative diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion has become an important problem to be solved urgently in the field of reproductive health. The integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine provides a safe and effective treatment method for recurrent spontaneous abortion, but there is no guideline for diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. The guideline is based on the requirements of World Health Organization(WHO) handbook for guideline development and follows the principles of evidence-based medicine. Through literature pre-search, expert interviews, clinical research, and conference consensus, 16 clinical problems are identified in this guideline. PICO principles are used for evidence retrieval, screening, and synthesis. The evidence quality is evaluated for the included evidence bodies. Recommendation opinions and consensus suggestions are formed through three rounds of the Delphi expert questionnaire survey. An expert meeting is held to finalize the draft. The opinions of experts in traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, methodology and pharmacy are widely solicited. The guideline contains five parts: scope, term and definition, diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis and treatment flow chart of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. There are corresponding recommendations and summaries of evidence for clinical problems related to the diagnosis and treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. This guideline is guided by clinical problems, combining disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation and integrating pre-pregnancy regulation and treatment and post-pregnancy preservation, highlighting the therapeutic advantages of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, so as to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion and promote the diagnosis and treatment level of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Objective This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. Methods The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, 2∶1 basic-control, multi-center clinical trial, with 120 patients recruited from 7 hospitals in China. The test group was administered with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) particles on the base of prednisone and cyclophosphamide treatment for 3 months, while the control group was administered with placebo using the same method. The 24-hour urinary protein, serum albumin, serum creatinine, TCM syndrome score and adverse reactions were monitored timely. SPSS 20.0 software was used for data analysis. Results At 3 months, the total effective rate was 89.39% and 63.64% for the test and the control, respectively, the difference of which was of statistical significance (χ2=7.824, P=0.005). The total effective rate of TCM syndromes was 93.94% and 72.73% for the test and the control, respectively, the difference of which was also of statistical significance (χ2=6.918, P=0.009). The incidence of Cushing′s syndrome, digestive tract reactions, and infections in the test group were lower than in the control group, the difference of which was of statistical significance (χ2=7.666, P=0.006; χ2=5.088, P=0.024; χ2=5.227, P=0.022). Conclusion Treatment with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine effectively improved the clinical efficacy of refractory nephrotic syndrome, improved the clinical symptoms, and reduced the side effects of immunosuppressive agents. Key words: Treatment with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine; Refractory nephrotic syndrom; Clinical trial

Expert symposium on severe acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children, a paradigm of exchanges and sharing between Chinese and Western medicine professionals.

PurposeMaintaining normothermia during the perioperative period is crucial for preventing complications, such as surgical site infections, prolonged hospital stays, and adverse cardiovascular events. This study aimed to elucidate methods of perioperative temperature management by integrating Western and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) approaches. By combining advanced techniques of Western medicine with holistic and preventative practices of TCM, we aimed to provide a comprehensive strategy for effective perioperative thermal regulation.MethodsAnd a comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze the causes of perioperative hypothermia and methods of perioperative temperature management from both Western and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) perspectives. Special emphasis was placed on evaluating the underlying factors contributing to perioperative hypothermia, as well as the effectiveness, selection criteria, indications, contraindications, adverse reactions, and potential complications associated with various temperature management techniques.ResultsEffective prevention and management strategies include preoperative risk assessment, physical warming measures, environmental temperature control, pharmacological interventions, perioperative temperature monitoring, comprehensive warming protocols, and postoperative warming and monitoring. Integrating traditional Chinese medicine provides additional methods to enhance overall effectiveness and patient outcomes. By combining these approaches, healthcare providers can significantly reduce the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (IPH) and its associated complications, improving patient safety and recovery.ConclusionFor IPH, a complex and challenging medical condition, both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine have established their own theoretical bases and developed corresponding prevention and treatment methods. However, it is important to note that although each of these methods has unique value and potential, they also have specific indications and unavoidable limitations. Therefore, by integrating and combining the complementary strengths and resources of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, we can achieve a more comprehensive and effective prevention of IPH, ultimately improving the health and well-being of those affected.

Interactions between traditional Chinese medicine and western drugs in Taiwan: A population-based study

Discussion on definition of "traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine integration" and "integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine"