Translating Community Land Trusts: Institutional Barriers and Stakeholder Sense-Making in Argentina and Chile

Relying on market-based housing policies has been inadequate to meet the need for affordable and sustainable housing and has heightened disparities in the housing system, especially along lines of race and gender. Community land trusts (CLTs) promise more equitable ways of providing stable, secure, and affordable housing for those marginalized in market-based housing. Yet there has been limited research comparing CLT housing with mainstream tenures. Using data from the first sample survey of CLT owners (N = 216) that includes comparison groups of market owners (N = 142) and renters (N = 130) drawn from similar low- and moderate-income populations, we find that those who purchase CLT homes are similar demographically to renters but compared with market owners are more likely to be Black and from households headed by women. We find no difference between CLT and market-rate homeowners in terms of benefits often attributed to homeownership, specifically financial well-being, stability, and a sense of house as home. CLT owners report having more time and resources to pursue desired activities than do market owners. Despite their demographic similarity to CLT owners, renters fare worse on all of these dimensions. We conclude with policy recommendations for housing tenures that provide permanent affordability, greater social equality and greater democratic resident control.

Purpose – The aim of this study is to define land use policy sources of barriers to community-based housing options in practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper accentuated the need to tackle land use sources of barrier to Community Land Trust (CLT) performance, through text analysis of semi-structured interview responses from key stakeholders. Findings – This study found out that there is a need to ameliorate stakeholder approach to community-based housing (CBH), which is hampered by restrictive land use sources of barriers that occur in an urban and rural context. These barriers were found to include both planning inadequacies and a systemic inefficient network of knowledge transfer practices between stakeholders. Recommendations include the need for drastic policy intervention through the political willingness to address Section 106 shortcomings in the choice of affordable housing supply models, and the inaccessibility of land below market rate in an endogenous prescriptive planning system. Practical implications – This paper highlights the subjective limitations of the CLT model in regards to grey areas between setting boundaries to what is an acceptable level of concessions to CBH and the socio-economic impact or benefits of a completely deregulated social housing system. These boundaries do vary from system to system, hence the need for UK housing institutions to address identified inherent barrier sources and their reconciliation with international best practices. Therefore, greater roles can be accorded to the CLT model in the UK affordable housing dynamics based on its confirmed strengths and merits. Originality/value – This paper adds to literature through the practical identification and interpretation of various key stakeholder perspectives on sources of CLT barriers and an idealised strategy to tackling them accordingly. This contributes to the housing affordability debate on the viability of CBH options, and how it could be invariably hampered by direct and indirect effects of planning and restrictive land use policies in practice.

As with many Anglophone nations, Australia displays a dualistic housing system dominated by private ownership and private rental, both of which demonstrate an ongoing and intensifying lack of affordability. Despite extensive public subsidisation, rates of ownership have dropped in recent years while the proportion of renters is increasing. Alongside calls for private rental reforms to make this more appropriate as a form of long-term tenure, there is growing interest in intermediate tenure forms to allow easier access to ownership, ease the pressure on the country’s marginalised social housing, and provide a greater range of options. Due to their small scale and relative newness in Australia, intermediate tenures such as shared equity, community land trusts, and housing co-operatives remain under-researched and unfamiliar, with previous research showing limited interest in shared equity products amongst potential buyers. This paper presents data from more recent focus groups amongst would-be buyers, showing latent market interest in resale-restricted products, with policy and market implications of both national and international relevance. The work also highlights a role for research in fostering awareness and understanding of such models.

This chapter introduces the main themes and arguments of the book. It asks why despite innumerable reports and studies and Government announcements over decades the housing crisis continues and is getting worse and more intractable. What are the main blockages to resolving the housing crisis? Why are there housing shortages when Government has poured billions of subsidies into the volume housebuilding sector? The chapter highlights the emergence of the ‘finance-housebuilding complex’ and its role in perpetuating the crisis. It explains how the social and affordable housing providers have become financialised, entangled in property development deals to the detriment of local communities. Local residents groups have begun to provide housing for themselves through community land trusts and co-ops but without reforms of the land, housing and planning system at a national level, the housing crisis cannot to resolved.

While current research focuses on the emergence of community-led housing (CLH) in England and individual cases, including co-operatives and Community Land Trusts, understanding of the breadth of CLH and its contribution to a city-wide commons is limited. We explore the evolution of CLH-as-commoning in the city of Leeds through three time periods and a framework of ‘differential’ and ‘transitional’ commoning, attentive to relations, spatiality and governance, and multiple contested visions from minimalist to maximalist. There was a maximalist tendency in the 1970s/80s, minimalist into the 1990s, and maximalist-pragmatist in the 2000s/10s. More significantly, we highlight the important role that minimalist and pragmatist tendencies play in the ongoing growth of the commons and commoners. CLH is part of a growing urban commons if we see it built through a patchwork of different approaches and actors, all contributing to cumulative horizon building. The transformative potential of CLH-as-commoning lies in repeated attempts to challenge the current housing system. More needs to be done to support long term collaboration between civil society and the state to widen involvement, expand provision and support democratic benefits of CLH.

Although values play an important role as normative ends that drive human agency in institutions, new institutionalism (NI) has paid limited attention to them. Consequently, NI tends to be driven by structural determinism and comes somewhat short when explaining agency in institutional structures. In order to better understand how values promote action in institutions, we conduct a literature review of 122 journal articles published between 1989 and 2016 that draw on NI to study the value-laden management concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We make three contributions. First, we show how considering values enhances our understanding of behavior in various institutional contexts at the micro-, meso and macro-level of analysis and reveals a more-balanced view on the structure-agency duality. Second, we map the NI/CSR field conceptually, indicating areas of current contributions and providing insight into recent developments. Finally, we present under-explored themes and directions for future research.

This study explores questions around the abilities of social enterprises (SEs) to obtain market-based revenues in the context of a middle-income country with significant institutional and economic constraints (Egypt). Our main research question focuses on analyzing the reasons why SEs in this context are unable to obtain their desired level of market-based revenues. Through the analysis of 22 SEs with some degree of a mixed revenue model, we draw three major conclusions that contribute to both academic theory and SE practice: (a) the importance of investing in new cohorts of SE employees, (b) ways to increase SEs’ ability to respond to institutional barriers, and (c) the promotion of adaptive organizational models able to respond to changing external conditions. The study makes several contributions to the literature. Most importantly, it seeks to add findings to discussion around how SEs operate within constraints by providing real-life empirical data from a context that faces significant institutional and resource barriers. It adds to the current literature by offering insights on organizational capacity, institutions, legitimacy, and adaptability that can be applied to other countries with similar socio-economic contexts. Methodologically, it also makes an effort to move beyond biases of studying only successful SEs, to offer micro-level qualitative analysis of SEs, and to hear unique and potentially alternative perspectives to academic narratives rooted in concept and theory by better understanding how social entrepreneurs themselves perceive their own work and practices.

This paper analyzes social sustainability in the context of urban housing through the lens of institutional capital. It examines how civil society housing actors co-construct bottom-linked governance arrangements by interacting endogenously with peers and exogenously with institutional actors, such as public housing agencies and elected officials, in order to steer, as housing alliances, socially sustainable residential developments. The paper thus offers an answer to the following two research questions: (1) What are internal governance features that characterize such civil society housing alliances? (2) What are their strategies of interaction with institutional actors in order to promote social sustainability and thus counter exclusionary patterns in urban housing systems? Empirical evidences are drawn from two civil society housing alliances in Austria, ‘BAWO’ (a national alliance of homelessness NGOs) and the ‘Initiative Collaborative Building & Living’. During three research stays in Vienna between 2014 and 2020, data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with leaders and members of housing alliances, interviews with key institutional stakeholders and web research. By reflecting on the institutional and relational character of the two housing alliances and digging out their potential and limitations in promoting different elements of social sustainability, our paper concludes that social sustainability in housing systems can be realized when it is set as a societal ambition sufficiently politicized by major parties involved in housing systems (housing alliances, governmental authorities of all ideological backgrounds, large non-profit housing developers) that collectively guarantee housing affordability and socio-spatial equity for all.

Despite the central role that patient and community engagement plays in translational science and health equity research, there remain significant institutional barriers for researchers and their community partners to engage in this work meaningfully and sustainably. The goal of this paper is to describe the process and outcomes of Engage for Equity PLUS at Stanford School of Medicine, which was aimed at understanding and addressing institutional barriers and facilitators for community-engaged research (CEnR). A Stanford champion team of four faculty and two community partners worked with the University of New Mexico team to conduct two workshops (n = 26), focus groups (n = 2), interviews with leaders (n = 4), and an Institutional Multi-Stakeholder Survey (n = 35). These data were employed for action planning to identify strategies to build institutional support for CEnR. Findings revealed several key institutional barriers to CEnR, such as the need to modify organizational policies and practices to expedite and simplify CEnR administration, silos in collaboration, and the need for capacity building. Facilitators included several offices devoted to and engaging in innovative CEnR efforts. Based on these findings, action planning resulted in three priorities: 1) Addressing IRB barriers, 2) Addressing barriers in post-award policies and procedures, and 3) Increasing training in CEnR within Stanford and for community partners. Addressing institutional barriers is critical for Academic Medical Centers and their partners to meaningfully and sustainably engage in CEnR. The Engage for Equity PLUS process offers a roadmap for Academic Medical Centers with translational science and health equity goals.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the global economy, making a significant contribution to economic growth, job creation and regional development. However, despite its potential, the tourism services market faces a number of restrictions and barriers that hinder its full development. Institutional constraints play a key role in the formation of these barriers. They cover a wide range of factors, including government regulation, financial constraints, corruption, legal and administrative barriers, and inadequate infrastructure. All these factors can have a negative impact on the development and competitiveness of the tourism industry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the institutional constraints and barriers that the tourism services market faces and assess their impact on its development. More specifically, the article will look at government regulation, financial constraints, corruption and insufficient infrastructure as the main institutional factors limiting the growth and development of the tourism industry. To achieve this goal, a literature review will be conducted, which will examine the current scientific literature and research on institutional constraints and barriers to the development of the tourism services market. Based on the findings and analysis, the research methodology will be presented, as well as a discussion of the main findings and recommendations. The study of institutional restrictions and barriers in the tourism services market is of great practical importance. Understanding these limitations and developing appropriate strategies and policies will help overcome obstacles and create an enabling institutional environment for tourism development. This will not only improve the competitiveness of individual regions and countries, but also contribute to the sustainable development of the tourism industry as a whole.

Improved maternal experiences and outcomes have been widely linked to the presence of birth companions. However, cultural norms, institutional constraints, and privacy concerns frequently restrict women’s choice of birth companions in many Middle Eastern countries, including Jordan. This study investigated Jordanian women’s beliefs and barriers about the presence of companions in the labour room. A qualitative descriptive study design was conducted using Braun and Clarke’s framework for thematic analysis. Thirteen women (ages 21 to 38 years) with prior pregnancy and childbirth experience were chosen from a free health awareness event in Irbid, Northern Jordan in July 2025, to participate in semi-structured interviews. The responses were recorded on audio tapes and subsequently stored in their original format. Data were coded, transcribed, and then thematically analyzed to identify beliefs and perceived barriers. The most significant beliefs were: (i) emotional and psychological support, wherein companionship was thought to alleviate fear and provide reassurance; (ii) strengthening family ties, as women saw shared childbirth experiences as improving family bonds; and (iii) cultural and religious interpretations, wherein female relatives were frequently seen as more acceptable than husbands. Women reported two barriers to allowing companions in the labour room: (i) privacy and modesty issues, where they feared embarrassment, exposure, and judgment, and (ii) institutional and policy restrictions, such as restrictive hospital regulations. Although Jordanian women recognized the emotional and interpersonal benefits of having company during childbirth, they encountered numerous substantial institutional, cultural, and privacy-related barriers. Improving women’s birth experiences and promoting respectful maternity care may be achieved by addressing these issues through culturally sensitive education, privacy-enhancing infrastructure, and regulatory reform.

The Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply project: An introduction

The purpose of this narrative inquiry is two-fold: first, to illuminate the views and experiences of Brazilian female Paralympians that helped shape their narrative identities, and second, to develop a better understanding of the reasons behind the gender inequality in Paralympic sports. According to the International Paralympic Committee, 1671 female athletes competed in the Rio 2016 Paralympics, representing almost 40 percent of the participating Paralympians. In Rio, Brazil had the largest Paralympic delegation in its history, with 287 Paralympians, of which only 102 were women (about 35 percent). The reasons why there is a significant discrepancy between male and female Paralympic participation are highly complex and little researched, particularly in Latin American contexts. In examining the complexities of these women’s narrative identities and their relationship with social norms, I draw on the insights from disability feminism, identity theory, and disability sport to analyze and interpret the Paralympic sportswomen’s narrative accounts. Individual interviews with 20 Brazilian female Paralympians from nine different sports revealed the intricate relationships each has with social norms regarding gender, disability, sport, and the body.

ABSTRACTThis paper combines institutional and political perspectives to develop a framework for analysing firms’ strategies in relation to demands for environmental protection in emerging economies. The main subjects for an examination of the framework and the issues it raises are three large‐scale diversified multinational corporations (MNCs) in the chemicals sector, each with manufacturing in both China (PRC) and Taiwan. They are contrasted with four local firms in the same sector. An accommodation between MNCs’ strategies and institutional constraints is achieved through a system of dynamic relationships in which both firms and institutional agents have a stake. Institutions are found to be more pervious to corporate strategic action than has been assumed by recent institutional theory, and with consequences that are not necessarily inimical to local community interests. The study offers new insights into (1) the processes that lead to conformity in corporate environmental practices (isomorphism), (2) the need to extend the normal purview of institutional theory, and (3) the contribution of a political perspective that allows for MNC proactivity.

Using data from a survey of 1,500 households in Dubai City, this chapter explores the impacts of social, cultural, and religious factors on female labor force participation (FLFP) and finds that marriage and conservative cultural norms constitute the primary cause of economic inactivity among women. Secondary and tertiary education show positive impacts on FLFP. The impact of children is not always significant. Being expatriate has a positive impact on FLFP. Marriage has a significant negative impact on female participation. The findings suggest that changing perceptions and actions coexist with many old cultural and social norms, but also that the growing tendency is to accept the public presence and labor market participation of women. The women survey respondents expressed more conservative views than men, and expressed more support than men for cultural norms that allow for male control and limit women's freedom to move and choose employment. The younger generation (aged 15–24) expressed more conservative views than older people, despite being better educated than previous generations.