Abstract
Abstract Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), utilizing spark-induced shock waves for stone comminution, is a common treatment modality for kidney and ureteral stones1–2. During EHL, a spark discharge at the tip of a small probe introduced endoscopically produces a vapor plasma and subsequently a cavitation bubble near the stone surface. Although it is believed that shock waves are generated by the expansion of the vapor plasma and the collapse of the cavitation bubble, the dynamics of this physical process has not been well understood3. In this study, hiqh-speed photography and acoustic measurement were used to characterize the transient cavitation bubble oscillation and associated shock wave generation during EHL.
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