Transforming CPN Models into Code for TinyOS: A Case Study of the RPL Protocol

Task-oriented command and control organization (TC2O) aims to deal with the uncertain war environment. It is a very important problem to evaluating the performance of TC2Os to choose and apply the best one which is most congruent with the mission environment. It is presented that a methodology for setting up the Colored Petri Net (CPN) model of TC2O and simulating the organizational performance. The CPN model of TC2O uses object oriented design approach and it is composed of 3 objects: mission environment, TC2O structure, and resources. In CPN model, the concept of control variable is defined and the model represents all kinds of TC2O parameters by the initial tokens of control variable. At the same time, the switch rules are extracted which can turn the relation of tasks into tokens. Furthermore, the CPN model of TC2O structure is based on Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory (CMOT) and the organization contingency theory. TC2O structure is composed of DMs. Each DM has the same model structure and carries out the tasks with other DMs by communication that includes 5 kinds of messages (i.e. resource requirement message, resource response message, resource movement message, task finish message, information transfer message). Resources are controlled by DMs and used to execute tasks. The CPN model of TC2O is adaptive to the military environment of high time pressure, because the related parameters of TC2O are presented by the initial marking of control variable, and then the CPN model structure of TC2O hasn't to be changed under different mission environments or organization structures. After simulating the CPN model, the performance of TC2Os can be obtained by analyzing the simulation results.

Call Admission Control (CAC) is one of the key traffic management mechanisms that must be deployed in order to meet the strict requirements for dependability imposed on the services provided by modern wireless networks. In this paper, we develop an executable top-down hierarchical Colored Petri Net (CPN) model for multi-traffic CAC in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system. By theoretic analysis and CPN simulation, it is demonstrated that the CPN model is isomorphic to Markov Chain (MC) assuming that each data stream follows Poisson distribution and the corresponding arrival time interval is an exponential random variable, and it breaks through MC’s explicit limitation, which includes MC’s memoryless property and proneness to state space explosion in evaluating CAC process. Moreover, we present four CAC schemes based on CPN model taking into account call-level and packet-level Quality of Service (QoS). The simulation results show that CPN offers significant advantages over MC in modeling CAC strategies and evaluating their performance with less computational complexity in addition to its flexibility and adaptability to different scenarios.

This paper describes model transformation for analyzing dynamic behavior of large-scale systems. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) based system model is transformed into the Colored Petri Nets (CPN) model, which is used for analyzing the scenarios of the use cases of a system and checking freedom of system deadlock at an early stage of software development. The CPN model that is executable is hierarchically structured on the basis of the functional decomposition of a large-scale system. The UML-based system model consisting of the use case model, class model and collaboration model is not executable so that the dynamic behavior of the system cannot be analyzed until implementation of the system. However, the UML-based system model has no hierarchical structure to be transformed into the hierarchical CPN model as well. The discrepancies of dynamic and structural views in the two models are resolved by transformation of the UML model into the layered, executable CPN model with three layers — the use case layer, object layer and operation layer. The model transformation is carried out using relationships among the use case model, class model, and collaboration model of the UML. With the executable CPN model transformed, the dynamic properties of the system are analyzed using the simulation technique, occurrence graph, and state space report provided by the Design/CPN tool. The approach in this paper is validated through two case studies — the gas station system and the distributed factory automation system.

This paper reports on the main results from an industrial cooperation project. The project is a joint project between Nokia Research Centre and the CPN group at the University of Aarhus. The purpose of the project was to investigate features and feature interactions in development of Nokia mobile phones through construction of a Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) model. The model is extended with domain-specific graphics and Message Sequence Charts to enable mobile phone user interface designers and software developers who are not familiar with Petri Nets to work with the model. The paper presents the CPN model constructed in the project, describes how domain-specific graphics and Message Sequence Charts are used in simulations of the CPN model, and discusses how the project and in particular the construction of the CPN model has influenced the development process of features in Nokia mobile phones.

Chapter 7 - Colored Petri net modeling of the manufacturing processes of space instruments

Reported cases of adverse events and product recalls expose limitations of biomedical signal acquisition devices. Approximately, ninety percent of the 1.210 recalls reported by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2006 and 2011 were of class 2 devices such as Electrocardiography (ECG) devices. We show in this paper how manufacturers of biomedical signal acquisition devices can argue effectiveness of these devices using Colored Petri Nets (CPN) models and assurance cases in Goal Structuring Notation (GSN) by means of an ECG case study. We illustrate how CPN models are used to generate effectiveness evidences in order to present them during certification. In this context, we use assurance cases in GSN to present evidences arguing effectiveness of the device. We were able to conclude based on the ECG case study that the use of CPN models of devices can decrease costs and development time once manufacturers reuse them during the development and certification process.

Cardiovascular dysfunction is the main cause of death in the world and several of these incidents have not been detected in time for diverse reasons. Consequently, some research groups, in ICT area, have been developing remote monitoring systems to detect the biosignals of cardiovascular dysfunction patients in the recent years. In this paper, a Coloured Petri Net (CPN) model for the remote healthcare process is presented. This CPN model uses the patient data formalization by means of set theory, providing a simplified perspective of the data transmission among all elements of the system. Using the CPN model, it will be investigated the behavior the system formed by the patients and their biosignals, located in different city zones (e.g., Panama), by means of simulation processes, in a first stage. With obtained simulation results, a remote monitoring system of bio-signals using non-invasive sensors will be developed.

The spectrum access strategy is one of the important design aspects for better system capacity in cognitive radio networks (CRN), which is characterized as complex and concurrent access processing of multiple users. The common approach modeling spectrum access is Markov Chain (MC), which is prone to state space explosion with the increasing of the number of users. In this paper, an executable hierarchical Colored Petri Nets (CPN) model for the spectrum access in CRN is investigated to overcome the explicit limitation using MC. After the verification that the CPN model is isomorphic to MC in the case of arriving with Poisson distribution, the advantage of CPN on computation complexity is analyzed. Finally, a spectrum access strategy with queuing for the secondary users is proposed and modeled by CPN, which is demonstrated more flexible and workable than MC by the results.

This work describes an approach to 3D user interface design based on Ontology and Colored Petri Net (CPN) model derived from the application requirements. The ontology describes all information on generating both the static and dynamic part of the virtual world. The subjective factors such as privileges, platforms, predefined preferences are defined in the world ontology. The dynamic behavior defined in world ontology is formally modeled in CPN. The CPN based user interface design provides a sound foundation for the analysis of user interface characteristics. The identification of the static and dynamic part of the virtual world, together with the CPN model, help to derive various interfaces by applying different role-based controllabilities, user preferences and device capabilities. A case study illustrates the proposed approach and shows how different user interface designs are generated.

This paper presents a Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets model specifically designed to support the implementation process of a virtual workplace in Nigerian Universities. CPN Tools 4.0 was used to capture the various phases and activities of the framework for the implementation of a virtual workplace into a Hierarchical Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) model. The developed virtual workplace CPN model has been analyzed using simulation, and state space analysis methods. The developed CPN model being a graphical and also an executable representation of the implementation framework; will assist those empowered with the responsibility of implementing a virtual workplace to have a better understanding of the implementation process.

Pay-on-demand resource provisioning is an important driver for cloud computing. Virtualized resources in cloud computing open for resource awareness, such that applications may contain resource management strategies to modify their deployment and reduce resource consumption. The ABS language supports the modelling of deployment decisions and resource management for active objects. In this paper, the semantics of ABS is captured directly as a Coloured Petri Net (CPN) model capable of representing any ABS program by an appropriate initial marking. We define an abstraction relation between the CPN model and the language semantics such that markings of the CPN model become abstract ABS configurations. We use a CPN model checker as an abstract interpreter to investigate resource distribution and starvation problems for deployed active objects in ABS.

With the development of science and technology, many systems contain a lot of concurrency behaviors in the software. The uncertainty of the order in which concurrent behaviors occur poses a great challenge to software testing. The Colored Petri Net (CPN) model can accurately describe the concurrent behaviors in the software and can also be used to test the concurrent system software. However, the great problem of CPN model is state space explosion. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes an unrelated concurrent behaviors serializing algorithm. The tester divide transitions in CPN model into three categories: the tested behaviors, the related behaviors and the unrelated behaviors. After that the algorithm will automatically implement inhibitor arcs addition in CPN model, so as to realize the serialization of unrelated concurrent behaviors. The algorithm can not only simplify the structure of the state space, but also achieve the goal of preventing the state space explosion finally. And the testing sequence contained in the state space is non-redundant and fully covered.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) communication forms major portion of substation automation in smart grid, as it monitors performances of substation components and their parameters. Till date keeping SCADA networks functional was prime focus, but now making it secure is biggest challenge because of their continuous connection to public networks. This paper presents security analysis of Distributed Network Protocol Version 3 (DNP3) using Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) model. DNP3 is extensively used in SCADA systems for distributed control of oil, gas and power grid infrastructure. CPN technique gives complete environment to understand communication link in DNP3 with actual packet formation and their transmission through the network. To perform security analysis, experiments are carried out with initial CPN model and a state space reports are generated for legitimate and malicious traffic flow. Then the generated state space report is used to train the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model which will discriminate the malicious flow from legitimate flow.

Intelligent function associated with a colored Petri net (CPN) inference model is developed for service restoration of power system of semiconductor industry (SI). The CPN models for a four-way switch and other power components are proposed to implement proper restoration plan after the faulted location has been identified and isolated. The unfaulted but out of service areas are restored efficiently by applying parallel-like reasoning in the CPN for multiple contingencies simultaneously. To assure the restoration plan can comply with operation regulation, heuristic rules based on the standard operation procedures of power system in SI are included in the best first search of the CPN. For the fault contingency during summer peak season and power component failure, the load shedding is executed and the CPN models are designed to restore service to as many key loads and loads as possible. The priority indices of each feeder and service zone are defined by the key loads within the service territory. A phase power system of semiconductor industry with 4 main XTR, 21 generators, 12 feeders (HV) and 32 feeders (LV) is selected for computer simulation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. It is found that the service restoration of power system can be obtained very efficiently by applying the proposed CPN model.

Coloured Petri nets are a formal method that allows to create sophisticated event-driven models. In addition, there exists a software tool, called CPN Tools, which provides a support for creation, simulation and state space-based verification of CPN models. An interesting feature of CPN Tools is that it uses CPN ML, a slightly modified version of the SML functional language, for data manipulation. In this chapter we describe basic concepts of Coloured Petri nets (CPN), SML and CPN ML and by means of an example illustrate how CPN ML can be used to build a concrete, timed CPN model from an abstract, low-level Petri net model in such a way that the structure of the abstract model is preserved. We also explore possibilities of already existing SML code utilization in CPN models.