Transformative Islam and Peasant Independence: Experiences from an Indonesian Village

The Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) farming model made its first appearance in the US in the 1980s, arriving from Europe and with clear social, economic and environmental goals. From less than a dozen CSA farms in the early 1990s, the movement has now expanded to over 3,000 farms. The proliferation of this agricultural-economic model suggests a measure of success in its objectives, yet shifting market influences reveal that CSA farms are faced with a variety of challenges and strategic issues that affect their ability to perform well for their members, farmer-owners and communities. This paper undertakes a strategic analysis of the CSA market and makes core strategy recommendations to inform farm managers’ strategic planning decisions. As more CSA farms are to be found nationwide, it follows that more individuals are taking on launching farming operations that adhere to the model, and this paper intends to cater to those entrepreneurs. As beginning farmer and rancher training programs are establishing themselves through farming coalitions, at community colleges and with the support of government funding, the new CSA farmer may find this strategic analysis pertinent and helpful. While it is the case that most beginning farmer workshops and training programs emphasize the development of small-scale production techniques, a few have tread into the realm of business planning; yet, it remains uncommon to see strategic analysis and planning included in curricula. Attention to these broad-­perspective approaches to farm management is important to keep farm managers in touch with the needs and preferences of their members—as an ever-­increasing selection of local, sustainably produced farm products are competing for CSA customers. This paper begins with a review of pertinent scholarly work that provides the framework for an analysis of the CSA market. Business strategy literature offers an assortment of applicable analytic tools for entrepreneurs and managers, but three, the idea of core competencies, Michael Porter’s Five Forces analysis, and his strategic planning method, are examined in relative depth and then applied to the CSA market. Building from these tools, subsequent sections examine strengths and weaknesses common among CSA enterprises, the opportunities and threats relevant to them in the market, and discuss the most pertinent strategic issues following a Five Forces market analysis. The CSA model’s four core competencies are formulated then presented: a relatedness with consumers, a perceived superiority of products, the sharing of a complete experience of a farm, and the employment of sustainable agricultural practices. While each farm will need to decide on its own strategic plan and objectives, a general core strategy is presented herein that addresses the market forces and current challenges faced by CSA farmers. I then make a general strategic recommendation for CSA farm managers and tie this plan to specific business activities that, carried out, may serve to enforce the core competencies commonly found in the CSA model and strengthen the competitive advantages of these farms. Key in this strategy is a focus on customer attraction, customer expectations and retention, and a broadening of the strategic scope of 3 farm enterprises. Important for the longevity of CSA farms will be a repositioning of current strategy to build on the competitive advantages found in the CSA model.

Indonesia is a country where most of the population work in the agricultural and plantation sectors. Both sectors are significant for the economy of Indonesia because it contributes to the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Such as the tea plantation sub-sector, which is one of the export commodities in Indonesia. However, several problems occur to the tea farmers in Indonesia. These problems influence decreasing in tea quality and farmers' welfare in Indonesia. For that reason, TehNusa is created to help solve the issues. TehNusa can be utilized to buy and sell harvested or processed tea. Another hand, TehNusa also has other functions to develop the quality and ability of the community in caring for and managing processed tea. Another side, BUMDes will play a role by managing and developing village prospects and tea farmers to minimize gaps. The design of the TehNusa application is created using the design sprint methodology and for the design validation, we're using the system usability scale methodology. The design of the TehNusa application can be made within 40 working hours, and the test result of design validation gets a conclusion of 81 points or equivalent to grade B. The TehNusa application is rated by users as being able to help make it easier to solve problems. In addition, further research needs to be carried out to determine the implementation of making applications and building business cooperation with BUMDes in Indonesian villages that have skilled farmers and have the potential to become processed tea producers.

The inventor of the term “action research,” social psychologist Kurt Lewin (1946, 1952), described action research as proceeding in a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of planning, acting, observing, and evaluating the result of the action. Lewin’s deliberate overlapping of action and reflection was designed to allow changes in plans for action as people learned from their own experiences. However, Lewin did not spell out the nature of action research in much detail. (Tandon, Convergence 21:5–15, 1988) introduced participation in action research. He identified several “determinants” of authentic participation in research: “(1) People’s role in setting the agenda of the inquiry; (2) People’s participation in the data collection and the analysis; and (3) People’s control over the use of outcomes and the whole process” (p. 13). Tandon’s reference to control over the whole process means that even the research methodology itself may be reinterpreted and reconstituted by participants. Although PAR became one of the significant methods in social science, it has been recently introduced by the Indigenous scholars (Datta, R., Khyang, U. N., Khyang, H. K. P., Kheyang, H. A. P., Khyang, M. C., & Chapola, J., (2015). Participatory action research and researcher’s responsibilities: An experience with Indigenous community. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.927492 ; Wilson S (2008) Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Fernwood.). PAR, from Indigenous perspectives, is seen as a methodology for promoting the use of Indigenous knowledge in the negotiation of land rights and related issues (Datta, 2018). Indigenous scholars (Battiste, M. (2008). Research ethics for protecting Indigenous knowledge and heritage: Institutional and researcher responsibilities. In N. K. Denzin, Y. S. Lincoln, & L. Tuhiwai Smith (Eds.), Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies (pp. 497–509). Sage.; Datta, R., Khyang, U. N., Khyang, H. K. P., Kheyang, H. A. P., Khyang, M. C., & Chapola, J., (2015). Participatory action research and researcher’s responsibilities: An experience with Indigenous community. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.927492 , Dei in Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes, 2011; Smith, Denzin and Lincoln (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, SAGE, 2008; Wilson S (2008) Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Fernwood.) refer to PAR differently than they do with Western qualitative research. For instance, they refer to a number of responsibilities in PAR with Indigenous communities. Such responsibilities include situating the researcher within the participants’ community (i.e., building trustful relationships), empowering participants, recognizing spiritual and relational knowledge, and taking political stands for participants’ community (Datta, Journal of AlterNative 14:35–44, 2019; Smith, Denzin and Lincoln (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, SAGE, 2008).

Indonesian people consume rice as their staple food, therefore rice farming is the main source of farming and livelihood for rural residents in Indonesia. Various policies that have been taken by the government to encourage increase in production and productivity of this commodity, but the results have not reached what was expected. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting income of rice farming in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Model (MLRAM). As the results, it found that the significant factors affecting farmers’ income of rice farming in District Maros, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia were productivity, selling prices, and production costs of the rice farming managed by an individual farmer. Then, the MLRAM is a good model in predicting the income of rice farming in the district. In general, these findings are a substantial indicator that imply the importance of improving farm management in order to increase productivity, stabilize selling prices and reduce production costs for rice commodity. By improving farm management, it is expected to encourage farmers to increase their income from rice farming specifically and encourage rural economic growth in Indonesia generally.

Cortical regions recruited for complex active-learning strategies and action planning exhibit rapid reactivation during memory retrieval

The first College of Occupational Therapists' research and development strategy was published in 1997, setting out the responsibilities of occupational therapists at three levels of research: as consumers, as participants and as research leaders. This initial strategy was revised in 2000 to produce the 2001 College of Occupational Therapists' Strategic Vision and Action Plan. The current paper presents the review of the 2001 Strategic Vision and Action Plan, carried out in 2006. The review is in three parts: the background to the review, actions that have been taken since the publication of the 2001 Strategic Vision and Action Plan and actions for the future.

The article analyzes the importance of strategic marketing planning in the management of companies under the conditions of a competitive market. Strategic marketing planning, which is considered an important management tool, began to be used by companies as one of the main assistants in decision-making and achieving set goals. Marketing planning, which can be considered as a by-product of the business plan, makes an important contribution to the formation of the company's business, as it provides conditions for forecasting events and decision-making. This planning, if prepared according to the right methodology, allows you to see different options for business actions. The administrator builds a business plan based on the best options for actions and with the aim of increasing the attractiveness of the product. A strategic marketing plan can be defined as a document that will structure all the actions that the company will need to take to promote its brand and its solutions, reach the target audience and attract new sales opportunities. This plan contains all the strategies that should be adopted by the company and how it should be done. The purpose of planning can be defined as the development of administrative processes, methods and approaches that provide a viable situation for assessing the future consequences of current decisions in terms of business objectives, which will facilitate faster and more consistent decision-making in the future. Based on this, it can be stated that strategic planning can be considered as a management process aimed at developing the market, aligning the organization's goals and resources with opportunities. In the field of strategic marketing, the goal is to work on the company's business and products in an effort to direct them to increase sales and profitability. The tool that must be used to implement strategic marketing planning is an action plan, which can be defined as the division of each strategy, tasks and strategic goals of the organization into more detailed plans. The action plan allows the company to apply the proposed planning more effectively, because it breaks down the goals into tactical and operational plans, which allows each employee of the company to know his role in achieving the set goal. Based on the above, it can be argued that strategic marketing planning is a fundamental tool for achieving the organization's goals, especially in the light of profound changes in the nature of business and reforming business strategies, and strategic marketing planning is the basis on which the entire management system is based and is a key component market success of the enterprise. Keywords: strategy, strategic planning, plan, management.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different understandings regarding the concept of “what constitutes halal” and “who determines this concept?” In practice, this equates to contemporary legal understandings vs religious understandings. The paper further aims to provide an overview of competing Muslim understandings regarding the concept of “What does or does not constitute halal slaughter?” In practice, this equates to evaluating the application of no stunning at all upon an animal (unanimous acceptance) vs the application of reversible stunning upon an animal (contested).Design/methodology/approachThe study includes a review of prior literature and considers the current scenario of the halal poultry trade and raises important questions regarding Islamic dietary practices, halal food integrity, religious and animal welfare understandings. Three key questions were raised: “To what extent does stunning impact halal slaughter?”; “Who determines what is halal slaughter?”; and “What are the variations and tensions between legal and religious understandings of halal slaughter?”.FindingsThe examination of such requirements and concomitant consumer and provider expectations is underpinned by a study of an operational framework, i.e. industry practices with poultry (hand slaughter, stunning, mechanical slaughter, etc.), ethical values and market forces to appraise whether there is a point of convergence for these that can be beneficial for both seller and consumer concerns. This paper has considered different perspectives on the religious slaughter and provided an overview of competing understandings regarding the above concepts.Originality/valueThis study although academic and philosophical in nature, raises questions on route to suggesting future research directions. It provides real value in stimulating more research in the area of halal food production and contributes to the understanding of different slaughter requirements for religious slaughter and the meat industry. It further sheds light on not only the religious and secular legal frameworks on animal slaughter and welfare but also the variations in understanding between them and provides examples of attempts to bridge any gap. The paper highlights the importance of halal food based on religious values and its implications for wider society.

Small-scale shrimp farmers have contributed significantly in increasing shrimp production in Indonesia. However, they face various risks that resulted to high fluctuation in their income. Risk management strategies in shrimp farming are needed to cope with inherent risks in order to enhance sustainability of shrimp farming. This study analyzed the sources of risks, ex-ante risk management and ex-post risk coping strategies in small-scale shrimp farms in Indonesia. A field survey of 166 shrimp farmers was conducted in the North and South coastal zones of East Java. Results revealed that the top three sources of risks that influenced in shrimp farming were shrimp price volatility, high mortality due to diseases, and increasing formulated feed price. Requesting for government technical assistance was the common formal on farm risk management strategy used by the shrimp farmers. Sharecropping was the main ex-ante strategy to mitigate risk. Small-scale shrimp farmers tended to avail of informal loans that resulted to loss of savings. They also used family labor as informal ex-post strategy to reduce expenses. They used social assistance from the government as formal ex-post risk coping strategies.

In pursuance of effective strategic activity plan preparation methods which could express institutions rational strategic planning model should be used. Extensive theoretic potential for institution strategic planning and sufficient abilities to use it together are guarantee for reaching goals of institution’s strategic planning. On the other hand, the question arises whether the use of theoretic potential allows to reach goals of rational strategic planning? The solution of our suggested complex tasks of institution’s rational strategic planning is to set the demand of the institution’s activity development and this demand fulfillment opportunities and weaknesses, to detect the directions and priorities of institution’s activity development, to chose the best ways and means to implement the institution’s activity development directions and priorities, to monitor the institution’s activity development means implementation. The analysis and evaluation of methods are purposeful to perform in the elements section of the complex of the planning tasks. Generally combinations of methods to solve institution’s strategic analysis tasks in special literature are recommended. The use of combinations of methods allows analyzing and evaluating different factors which influence development of institution’s activity, plus synthesizes the results. The use of theoretic potential for institution’s objective orientation setting creates preconditions to form the mission of institution, create the vision and set strategic goals. Theoretic potential for preparation and acceptance of institution’s strategic decisions are sufficient for decision of tasks of alternatives generation, formation of criteria for alternatives evaluation along with the criteria combination, alternatives analysis and evaluation, the best alternative choice. The use of the institution’s action plan implementation monitoring theoretic potential creates preconditions for analysis and evaluation of inside changes which happened due to action plan implementation, for setting connections between action plan implementation results and institution’s activity development indicators. The use of methods recommended in special literature doesn’t create preconditions to generate alternatives of rational action plan, i.e. to generate alternatives integrating the actions for increasement of the allocation of institutions resources, usage and development possibilities. In regard to complexity principle formation the criteria to evaluate the action plan alternatives and to form criteria combinations is problematical too. Moreover, suggested recommendations to analyse and evaluate action plan alternatives aren’t concretized to the level of quantitative analysis and evaluation of alternatives. So methods analysis and evaluation in context of tasks of institution rational strategic planning allow to identify strong and weak aspects of these tasks decision. Besides, it enables to make methods selections for institution strategic analysis, objective orientation setting, strategic decision preparation and acceptance, monitoring of actions plan implementation. Application of methods selections creates preconditions for decision of adequate strategic planning tasks. In pursuance to fill the essential gap in institution’s strategic planning directions for improvement of planning of institution’s strategic decisions implementation are established. Its implementation allows to reach all goals of rational strategic planning. Article in Lithuanian. Viešojo sektoriaus institucijų strateginio planavimo metodai: teorinis potencialas ir perspektyvos Santrauka. Išanalizuotas ir įvertintas viešojo sektoriaus institucijų strateginio planavimo uždavinių sprendimo teorinis potencialas. Esamą teorinį potencialą galima produktyviai naudoti šiems institucijų strateginio planavimo uždaviniams spręsti: strateginei analizei atlikti, tikslinei orientacijai nustatyti, strateginiams sprendimams rengti ir priimti, veiksmų plano įgyvendinimo monitoringui vykdyti. Išvardytiems institucijų strateginio planavimo uždaviniams spręsti sudaryti metodų rinkiniai ir pateiktos rekomendacijos jiems taikyti. Atsižvelgiant į metodų analizės rezultatus konstatuojama, kad silpniausia institucijų strateginio planavimo grandinės grandis yra strateginių sprendimų įgyvendinimo veiksmų plano rengimo metodinės priemonės. Siekiant pašalinti nustatytas metodinio pobūdžio spragas institucijų strateginio planavimo uždavinių sprendimo grandinėje, parengtos rekomendacijos strateginių sprendimų įgyvendinimo planavimo metodinėms priemonėms sukurti. Reikšminiai žodžiai: institucija, strateginis planavimas, metodai, analizė, taikymas.

Indonesia's agricultural sector significantly contributes to the country's foreign exchange earnings through agricultural product exports, including livestock, plantations, and ornamental plants. However, addressing the weaknesses in free-range chickens and other livestock is crucial to sustain population levels and meet organoleptic needs. This systematic review aims to explore appropriate technology development in the livestock and agriculture sectors, focusing on feed processing, animal husbandry management, and increased production. The review includes articles from journals, books, and theses, with data sourced from Google Scholar and Pop8win using specific keywords. The results highlight the effectiveness of appropriate technology in improving feed efficiency, labor efficiency, and production in livestock and agriculture. Consequently, further research is recommended to enhance the application of appropriate technology, contributing to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector in Indonesia. Highlights: The systematic review reveals that appropriate technology positively affects feed efficiency, labor efficiency, and production in Indonesia's livestock and agriculture sectors. The application of appropriate technology in feed processing and animal husbandry management leads to significant improvements in productivity. Addressing weaknesses through appropriate technology can contribute to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector in Indonesia.

In agriculture in Indonesia, the majority of farmers are rice farmers, which is a type of plant that has been planted for generations and is also used as the main staple of community consumption; if we look closely at the potential of agriculture in Indonesia, it is very strategic for the welfare of the community, especially rural communities or forest fringe communities. In the community of Uram Jaya sub-district, or more precisely, the community of Embong Village, Embong Satu, Kota Baru, they experience a problem where they can only plant rice once a year due to the beliefs that have been held so far by the people there. In addition to the existence of obstacles to the agricultural process by culture and community values and norms, in this village, there are also several disturbances from various aspects ranging from the lack of local government empowerment efforts, lack of knowledge on the creation of new community innovations, and to the state of the community that lacks interest in new things in agriculture. This research aims to determine the community's understanding and ability to use land in the best possible way by knowing the potential inhibiting factors in land utilization and the relationship between government integration with the community in improving agriculture. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques and interviews with the community, the village government, and the community members who participated directly. This research proves that agriculture in Embong, Embong Satu, and Kota Baru villages is experiencing obstacles in its agricultural development due to natural factors, culture, values, norms, and poor community and government relations.

Adolescence is a period of transition or change from children to adults. There will be many things they can learn from the people around them. If teenagers get good parenting or social relationships, they will survive various mental stresses. As adolescence goes on, the role of parents is very important to equip children's growth and development to be in accordance with what is expected. Because parents are the first education for their children in the family environment. The family can also sometimes be called the first education for children in their environment, because from everything that parents or families do, their children will see and practice it. Therefore, the role of parents and families is very important for increasing children's religious understanding in adolescence. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to determine parenting patterns in the religious understanding of adolescents. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research and participatory action research. This research is a community study for families who are Muslim and have teenage children aged 10 to 20 years. Data collection was carried out by holding religious activities at the mosque through the Ar-Rahmah Mosque Youth Association (IRMAR).

Pelayangan Village, located on the banks of the Batang Hari River, faces challenges in religious understanding, particularly regarding prayer and fasting. Many people experience confusion in understanding what breaks the fast, such as using certain drugs or physical actions that do not break the fast. In addition, several issues of ikhtilaf related to the pillars of prayer, including differences in movements and recitations that often confuse performing prayer correctly. STAI As-Sunnah's Community Service program provides assistance during Ramadan to improve the community's religious understanding. This activity involves religious guidance, including Qur'anic studies, flash pesantren, tahsin training, and delivering short lectures after tarawih prayers. Using participatory action research (PAR) methodology, this program succeeded in increasing religious knowledge, strengthening friendships, and improving community worship practices. The positive impact of this program can be seen in the community's enthusiasm for participating in various religious activities, especially during the month of Ramadan. The results of this service show that PAR-based religious assistance can effectively improve the quality of life and religious understanding in rural communities.

Development strategies increasingly emphasize agricultural development, employment, and equity; it is therefore important to examine the role of education in light of these new emphases. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the conclusions of a number of studies of the effect of a farmer's educational level and exposure to extension services on his productivity. Eighteen studies conducted in low-income countries provided 37 sets of farm data that allow a statistical estimation of the effect of education. The overall conclusion of this paper is that farm productivity increases as a result of a farmer's completing at least 4 additional years of elementary education rather than none. Also, the effects of education were much more likely to be positive in modernizing agricultural environments than in traditional ones.