Abstract
Keratin synthesis is regulated at the level of transcription. Each keratin gene appears to be regulated by a characteristic constellation of transcription factors and DNA binding sites. Often these occur in clusters and complexes, providing a mechanism for fine-tuning the expression levels. Most commonly, the important regulatory sites are found in the promoter regions, infrequently coding and downstream sequences also play a role. Transcription factors Sp1, AP1 and AP2 are important components in regulation of many keratin genes, and the nuclear receptors for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone also regulate majority of keratins. In addition, the expression of most keratin genes can be modulated by extracellular signals, such as growth factors. Universal or general regulators for all keratin genes have not been found; apparently each keratin protein has its own, characteristic circuits and machinery for regulation of expression.
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