Abstract
pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.Pain has now been equated to a “fifth vital sign” highlighting the significance of pain management in patient care. Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic, structurally related to codeine and morphine .It is effectively used to treat moderate-to-severe acute and chronic pain in diverse conditions. Tramadol is placed on the second step of WHO analgesic ladder and in contrast to traditional opioids, exerts its analgesic activity, a dual mechanism of action inhibiting transmission as well as perception of pain. Tramadol is more suitable than NSAIDs and coxibs for patient with GI, renal and cardiovascular problems. Combined with low dependence/abuse potential, it has proven to be of significant advantage over other agents, especially in the elderly.
Highlights
Pain is part of the body's defense system; triggering mental and physical behavior to end the painful experience.Pain perception is the sum of complex sensory, emotional and cognitive processes[1]
Chronic Pain: Tramadol has been in cluded as a step 2 analgesic in the second edi tion of the World Health Organization’s re commendations for treatment of cancer pain[56]
Tramadol has a dual mechanism of action that explains its effectiveness in those types of pain that are refectory to conventional opioids, and its better tolerability profile
Summary
Pain is part of the body's defense system; triggering mental and physical behavior to end the painful experience.Pain perception is the sum of complex sensory, emotional and cognitive processes[1]. The international Association for the study of pain (IASP) defines pain as “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”[2,3]. The most common etiology of chronic non-malignant pain is musculoskeletal such as arthritis, cancer; peripheral nerve disorders and diabetes are other conditions that cause chronic pain. The 3-step analgesic ladder, originally proposed for cancer pain relief by the WHO is useful and widely employed for all types of pain, including the chronic pain of musculoskeletal diseases (Figure 1)[4]
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